TABLE OF CONTENTS:

INTRODCUTION: our research methodology – the Quran has no different layers/aspects of meanings – the scientific methodology to understand the Quran – the problematic aspect of researching books of traditions.

A Preliminary CHAPTER: What is Islam and its history and application in the era of Muhammad – what is Islam – the definition of Islam and belief – the definition of polytheism and disbelief in the Quran – Islam as God's religion to all humanity – Paradise is for every good believer among human beings – the one content of all celestial messages – God's religion is Islam – history of Islam within ancient nations – the Islamic monotheistic religion of Abraham – Arab tribes – Abraham's progeny among Arabs and Israelites and keeping Abraham's religion – Muhammad as a follower of Abraham's religion and not as a founder of a new religion – Abraham in the Quran – the Quranic command to adhere to Abraham's religion – an overview of the Qorayish tribe and the fabrication of earthly, man-made religions – firstly: how Arabs have distorted the Islamic, monotheistic Abraham's religion before the revelation of God's final message of the Quran – secondly: how Qorayish has established its earthly, man-made religion by distorting Abraham's religion before the revelation of the Quran – thirdly: Qorayish and the establishment of earthly, man-made religions of the Muhammadans after the revelation of the Quran – fourthly, How Qorayish opposed the Quranic reform of the Islamic Abraham's religion – the struggle of Qorayish against early believers during Muhammad's lifetime – how Qorayish, led by the Umayyads, persecuted early believers in Mecca and chased them in Yathreb – how Islam was applied within the Quran-based Yathreb city-state led by Muhammad for ten years (622 – 632 A.D.): introduction – the role of the Quranic revelation in guiding Muhammad's actions and in bridging the gap between Islam and the religious behavior of the early believers during Muhammad's lifetime – features of the Yathreb city-state: the best possible human application of Islam – the gap between Quranic sharia legislations and their application during the era of Muhammad.          

CHAPTER I: The establishment of contradictions between Islam and the Muhammadans during the era of the corrupt four pre-Umayyad caliphs (11 – 40 A.H./ 632 – 661 A.D.) – the beliefs map of people between Muhammad's era and the era of the corrupt four pre-Umayyad caliphs: introduction – a brief overview of the era of the corrupt four pre-Umayyad caliphs – the most dangerous types of the so-called companions: – (A) the Meccans of Qorayish "the freed ones" and their Umayyad leaders – (B) opportunist and hypocritical desert-Arabs and Bedouins – (C) groups of those with weak belief – (D) the unknown group of those adamant in hypocrisy – the influence of the struggle between Qorayish and desert-Arabs on establishing the contradictions between Islam and the Muhammadans during the era of the corrupt four pre-Umayyad caliphs: introduction – the secret role of the hidden, lurking forces in formulating the policies of the corrupt four pre-Umayyad caliphs and its influence in paving the way for establishing the earthly, man-made religions of the Muhammadans that contradict Islam – a brief overview of the stages of renegades' war, Arab conquests, and civil war – the movement of the renegades – four dangerous escalations resulting from the renegades' war and the conquests – the major immigrant companions and the possibility of their being spies working for the Umayyads – the conflict over spoils and the outbreak of the civil war among the companions planned by the Umayyads – Those cursed desert-Arabs! Those cursed Umayyads! – conclusion.       

CHAPTER II: Contradictions between Islam and the Muhammadans are completed during the Umayyad caliphate (41 – 132 A.H./ 661 – 750 A.D.) – an overview of the Umayyad caliphs – general features of the Umayyad caliphate – allowing bloodshed, promiscuity, and immorality – an overview of how the Umayyads manipulated Islamic rituals - how the Umayyad undermined Islam – how the Umayyads manipulated prayers to serve their purposes – building the so-called Al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem and performing pilgrimage there instead of the Kaaba – the fabrication of hadiths and the beginning of earthly, man-made religious legislations during the Umayyad Era – invention of hadiths is the first step in the emergence of the earthly, man-made religions during the Umayyad Era – the nature of the contradictory earthly, man-made religions during the Umayyad Era – the beginning of Sunnite fiqh legislations during the Umayyad Era – the influence of Arab conquests on the intellectual and religious trends – on the threshold of the Abbasid Era.

CHAPTER III: The development of the earthly, man-made religions of the Muhammadans during the Abbasid Era (132 – 658 A.H./ 750 – 1258 A.D.) – an overview of the Abbasid Era – the division of the Abbasid Era – comparing between  the Umayyad caliphate and the Abbasid caliphate –  the Abbasid caliphs – the main differences between the Umayyad caliphate and the Abbasid caliphate – the Abbasid clergymen: how the caliph Abou Jaffer Al-Mansour established the Abbasid caliphate clergymen – comparing between  the Abbasid caliphs Al-Saffah and Al-Mansour – Al-Mansour and the bases of the Abbasid clergymen: fabrication of hadiths and visions/dreams – clergymen of Al-Mansour reached the mainstream culture of the masses – the influence of the Abbasid clergymen on the revival of the religion of ascetics – the return of asceticism and ascetics – the boycott of Abbasids as the main ritual of ascetics – ascetics established their religion based on fabricated tales – the beginning of inventing stories by ascetics about miracles – how ascetics criticized the Abbasids – how ascetics invented visions/dreams – the influence of Abbasid clergymen on creating the religion of Weepers – the influence of Abbasid clergymen on deifying caliphs during the reign of weak caliphs – the earthly, man-made religions of the Muhammadans complete their development during the Abbasid Era – the development of the earthly, man-made religions of the Muhammadans from mere doctrines into full-fledged religions – an overview of the Sunnite religion – the Shiite religion – the Sufi religion (Sufism) – the struggle between the Ibn Hanbal doctrine followers and Al-Mu'tazala thinkers during the Abbasid Era – the military struggle and mutual propaganda between the Sunnites and the Shiites during the Abbasid Era – the Shiite states that were enemies to the Abbasids during the Second Abbasid Era –  the fabrication of the Sunnite Sufism to replace the Shiite religion in Egypt – an overview of the Sufi-Sunnite religion: its start and dominance – realistic examples from history of the earthly, man-made religions during the Abbasid Era.     

CHAPTER IV: The Dominance of the Sunnite Sufism during the Mameluke Era (648 – 921 A.H./1250 – 1517 A.D.) – an overview of the Mameluke Era – introduction – firstly: steps of establishing firmly the Mameluke State in Egypt – Mameluke sultans and how authority was typically inherited: Mamelukes and the art of intrigues and schemes – an overview of the Mameluke religion of Sunnite Sufism – how Sunnite fiqh submitted to the Mameluke religion of Sunnite Sufism – the influence of Sufism on the impoverishment of fiqh schools and intellectual life in general – how Sunnite fiqh has been influenced by Sufism – theoretical fiqh – fiqh of preaching – the submission of Sunnite fiqh scholars to Sunnite Sufism – the persecution inflicted on Ibn Taymiyya during the Mameluke Era.

CHAPTER V: The struggle among the earthly, man-made religions of the Muhammadans during the Ottoman caliphate and the dominance of the Sunnite Sufism – a general overview of the Ottoman caliphate – different views regarding the Ottoman caliphate – the establishment and development of the Ottoman caliphate – a brief historical overview of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire – the Ottoman caliphate of 'Islam' and the Muhammadans in a general overview – the struggle between the Sunnite Sufi Ottoman Empire and the Shiite Safavid Empire in Iran – the political nature of the Ottoman rule – features of Sunnite Sufism during the Ottoman Era – the influence of the Sunnite-Shiite conflict on the collapse of the Mameluke rule and bringing the Ottomans in Egypt – the emergence of Ismail the Safavid, the Shiite Sufi ruler, as a danger threatening both the Mamelukes and the Ottomans – How the Mameluke sultan Al-Ghoury allied himself to the Shiite Sufi ruler Ismail the Safavid, and the influence of such alliance on the collapse of the Mameluke rule – how Ismail the Safavid schemed and plotted against the Ottoman sultan Selim after the death of the Mameluke sultan Al-Ghoury.    

CONCLUSION: The moral lesson drawn from the complicated relation among Turkey of the Ottomans, Iran of the Safavids, and Egypt of the Mamelukes.