ط¨ط¨ظ„ظٹظˆط؛ط±ط§ظپظٹط§

ط§ظ„ط£ط¯ط¨ ط§ظ„ظ…ط­ظ…ط¯ظٹ ظˆظپظٹط±ظŒ ط¬ط¯ط§ظ‹ط› ظˆظ‡ظˆ ظٹط´طھظ…ظ„ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط¢ظ„ط§ظپ ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ظƒطھط¨ ظˆط§ظ„ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ط§طھ ظˆط§ظ„ط¨ط­ظˆط« ط§ظ„طھظٹ ظƒظڈطھط¨طھ ط¨ظ„ط؛ط§طھ ظ…ط®طھظ„ظپط© ظˆط§ظ„طھظٹ ط£ظ„ظپظ‡ط§ ظƒظڈطھط§ط¨ ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ط¹ط§ظ„ظ… ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ…ظٹ ظˆظ…ظ† ط¹ظ„ظ…ط§ط، ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ…ظٹط§طھ. ظˆظ„ظƒظ† ط§ظ„ط¯ط±ط§ط³ط§طھ ط§ظ„طھط­ظ„ظٹظ„ظٹط© ط§ظ„ظ†ظ‚ط¯ظٹط© ظ„ظ…طµط§ط¯ط± ط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط® ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ…ظٹ ظپظٹ ط¹طµط± ظ…ط­ظ…ط¯ طµظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ط¹ظ„ظٹظ‡ ظˆط³ظ„ظ… ط¬ط¯ظڈظ‘ ظ‚ظ„ظٹظ„ط©. ظˆظ‚ط¯ ط¨ط­ط«ظ†ط§ ط·ظˆظٹظ„ط§ظ‹ ط¹ظ† ظ…ط¤ظ„ظپط§طھ ظپظٹ ط§ظ„طھط­ظ„ظٹظ„ ط§ظ„ظ†ظ‚ط¯ظٹ ظ„ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚ / ط§ط¨ظ† ظ‡ط´ط§ظ…طŒ ط§ظ„طھظٹ طھط¹طھط¨ط± ط¨ظ„ط§ ظ…ظ†ط§ط²ط¹ ط£ظ‡ظ… ظ…طµط§ط¯ط± ط§ظ„ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ظ„ظƒظ„ط§ط³ظٹظƒظٹط© ط¹ظ† ط­ظٹط§ط© ط±ط³ظˆظ„ ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ… طµظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ط¹ظ„ظٹظ‡ ظˆط³ظ„ظ… ظˆط¹ظ…ظ„ظ‡طŒ ظپظ„ظ… ظ†ط¬ط¯ ظƒطھط§ط¨ط§ظ‹ ظˆط§ط­ط¯ط§ظ‹. ظˆظƒط§ظ† ظ‡ط°ط§ ط£ط­ط¯ ط§ظ„ط£ط³ط¨ط§ط¨ ط§ظ„طھظٹ ط­ظ…ظ„طھظ†ط§ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ظ‚ظٹط§ظ… ط¨ط¯ط±ط§ط³طھظ†ط§ ط§ظ„ط­ط§ظ„ظٹط©. ظˆظ‡ظˆ ط£ظٹط¶ط§ظ‹ ط§ظ„ط³ط¨ط¨ ط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ظ…ظ† ط£ط¬ظ„ظ‡ ظ„ط§ طھط­طھظˆظٹ ظ‡ط°ظ‡ ط§ظ„ط¨ط¨ظ„ظٹظˆط؛ط±ط§ظپظٹط§ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط¹ط¯ط¯ ظƒط¨ظٹط± ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ط±ط§ط¬ط¹.

ط§ظ„ط³ظٹط±ط©

ظ…ط­ظ…ط¯ ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚/ ط§ط¨ظ† ظ‡ط´ط§ظ…طŒ ط§ظ„ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ظ„ظ†ط¨ظˆظٹط©طŒط­ظ‚ظ‚ظ‡ط§ ظˆط¶ط¨ط·ظ‡ط§ ظˆط´ط±ط­ظ‡ط§ ظˆظˆط¶ط¹ ظپظ‡ط§ط±ط³ظ‡ط§ ظ…طµط·ظپظ‰ ط§ظ„ط³ظ‚ط§طŒ ط¥ط¨ط±ط§ظ‡ظٹظ… ط§ظ„ط¥ط¨ظٹط§ط±ظٹطŒ ط¹ط¨ط¯ ط§ظ„ط­ظپظٹط¸ ط´ظ„ط¨ظٹطŒ ط§ظ„ط·ط¨ط¹ط© ط§ظ„ط«ط§ظ†ظٹط©طŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ ظ…طµط·ظپظ‰ ط§ظ„ط¨ط§ط¨ظٹ ط§ظ„ط­ظ„ط¨ظٹ ظˆط´ط±ظƒط§ظ‡طŒ 1955.

ظ…ط­ظ…ظˆط¯ ط¹ظ„ظٹ ظ…ط±ط§ط¯

– ط§ظ„ظ†ظ‚ط¯ ط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط®ظٹ ط§ظ„ط؛ط±ط¨ظٹ ظˆط³ظٹظژط± ط§ظ„ط±ط³ظˆظ„ ط§ظ„ظ…ظƒطھظˆط¨ط© ط¨ط§ظ„ظ„ط؛ط© ط§ظ„ط¹ط±ط¨ظٹط©طŒ 1982

–Mahmoud MOURAD, La critique historique occidentale et les biographies arabes du Prophأ¨te. Les Arabes et l’Occident, Genأ¨ve, Labor et Fides, 1982.

–  ط³ظٹط±ط© ط±ط³ظˆظ„ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ طµظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ط¹ظ„ظٹظ‡ ظˆط³ظ„ظ… (ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚/ ط§ط¨ظ† ظ‡ط´ط§ظ…) ط§ظ„ظپطھط±ط© ط§ظ„ظ…ظƒظٹط©طŒطھط­ظ„ظٹظ„ ظ†ظ‚ط¯ظٹ ظ„ظ„ظ†طµطŒ ط¯ط§ط± ط§ظ„ظ‡ظ„ط§ظ„طŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ 2001

ط§ط®طھظ„ط§ظپ ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ط±ط£ظٹ

ط£ط«ط§ط±طھ ط¢ط±ط§ط¤ظ†ط§ ط¨ط´ط£ظ† ط§ظ„ظپطھط±ط© ط§ظ„ظ…ظƒظٹط© ظ…ظ† ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚ / ط§ط¨ظ† ظ‡ط´ط§ظ…طŒ ط§ظ„طھظٹ ط£ط¨ط¯ظٹظ†ط§ظ‡ط§ ظپظٹ ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ط§طھ ظ†ط´ط±ظ†ط§ظ‡ط§ ط¹ط§ظ…ظٹ 1998 ظˆ1999 ظپظٹ ظ…ط¬ظ„ط© "ط§ظ„ظ‡ظ„ط§ظ„" ط§ظ„ط´ظ‡ط±ظٹط© ط§ظ„ظ…طµط±ظٹط© ظˆظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظƒطھط§ط¨ ط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ظ†ط´ط±ظ†ط§ظ‡ ط¹ظ† ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚/ ط§ط¨ظ† ظ‡ط´ط§ظ… ط¹ط§ظ… 2001طŒ ط±ط¯ظˆط¯ ظپط¹ظ„ ط³ظ„ط¨ظٹط© ظپظٹ ط£ط؛ظ„ط¨ظ‡ط§. ظˆظپظٹظ…ط§ ظٹظ„ظٹ ط¹ظ†ظˆط§ظ† ظƒطھط§ط¨ ط§ظ„ط£ط³طھط§ط° ط§ظ„ط¯ظƒطھظˆط±/ ط¥ط¨ط±ط§ظ‡ظٹظ… ط¹ظˆط¶طŒ ط§ظ„ط£ط³طھط§ط° ط¨ظƒظ„ظٹط© ط§ظ„ط¢ط¯ط§ط¨ ط¨ط¬ط§ظ…ط¹ط© ط¹ظٹظ† ط´ظ…ط³ ط¨ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط© ظˆظƒط°ظ„ظƒ ط¹ظ†ط§ظˆظٹظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ط§طھ ط§ظ„طھظٹ ظ†ظڈط´ط±طھ ظپظٹ ظ…ط¬ظ„ط§طھ "ط§ظ„ظ‡ظ„ط§ظ„" ظˆ"ط¹ظ‚ظٹط¯طھظٹ" ظˆ"ط§ظ„ظ…طµظˆط±" ظˆ "ط§ظ„ط£ط²ظ‡ط±" ظ„ظƒظڈطھط§ط¨ ظ‡ظ…: ط§ظ„ط³ظٹط¯ ط§ظ„ظ…ط®ط²ظ†ط¬ظٹ ظˆط§ظ„ط£ط³ط§طھط°ط© ط¯. ط¥ط¨ط±ط§ظ‡ظٹظ… ط¹ظˆط¶ ظˆ ط¯. ط¥ط¨ط±ط§ظ‡ظٹظ… ط¹ظˆط¶ظٹظ† ظˆ ط¯. ط§ظ„ظ…ط·ط¹ظ†ظٹ ظˆ ط¯. ظ…ط­ظ…ط¯ ط³ظ„ظٹظ… ط§ظ„ط¹ظˆط§ ظپظٹ ظ‡ط°ط§ ط§ظ„ط®طµظˆطµ. ظˆظ‚ط¯ ط°ظƒط±ظ†ط§ ظƒط°ظ„ظƒ ط¹ظ†ط§ظˆظٹظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ط§طھ ط§ظ„طھظٹ ظ†ظڈط´ط±طھ ط±ط¯ط§ظ‹ ط£ظˆ طھط¹ظ‚ظٹط¨ط§ظ‹ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ…ط§ ظƒطھط¨ظ‡ ظ‡ط¤ظ„ط§ط، ط§ظ„ظƒظڈطھط§ط¨.

ط£. ط¯. ط¥ط¨ط±ط§ظ‡ظٹظ… ط¹ظˆط¶

– ط¥ط¨ط·ط§ظ„ ط§ظ„ظ‚ظ†ط¨ظ„ط© ط§ظ„ظ†ظˆظˆظٹط© ط§ظ„ظ…ظ„ظ‚ط§ط© ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ظ„ظ†ط¨ظˆظٹط©طŒظƒطھط§ط¨ ظ…ظپطھظˆط­ ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ظ…ط­ظ…ظˆط¯ ط¹ظ„ظٹ ظ…ط±ط§ط¯ ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ط¯ظپط§ط¹ ط¹ظ† ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚طŒ ظ…ظƒطھط¨ط© ط²ظ‡ط±ط§ط، ط§ظ„ط´ط±ظ‚طŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ 1999

– ط§ظ„ط§ط¹طھظ…ط§ط¯ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ظ„ط§ ظٹظƒظپظٹ ظ„ظƒطھط§ط¨ط© ط§ظ„ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ظ„ظ†ط¨ظˆظٹط©طŒط§ظ„ظ…طµظˆط±طŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ ظ…ط§ظٹظˆ 2001 (ط±ط¯ط§ظ‹ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ظ†ط§ ط§ظ„ظ…ظ†ط´ظˆط± ط¨طھط§ط±ظٹط® 20 ط£ط¨ط±ظٹظ„ 2001 ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ظ„ط© ط°ط§طھظ‡ط§).

ط£. ط¯. ط¥ط¨ط±ط§ظ‡ظٹظ… ط¹ظˆط¶ظٹظ†

– ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ظ‡ط´ط§ظ… ظˆط¥ظ†طµط§ظپ ط§ظ„ط­ظ‚ظٹظ‚ط©طŒط§ظ„ظ‡ظ„ط§ظ„طŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ ظ…ط§ظٹظˆ 1998 (ط±ط¯ط§ظ‹ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ظ†ط§ ط§ظ„ظ…ظ†ط´ظˆط± ظپظٹ ظٹظ†ط§ظٹط± 1998 ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ظ„ط© ط°ط§طھظ‡ط§).

– ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚طŒ ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ظ„ظ†ط¨ظˆظٹط©طŒ ط¨ظٹظ† ط§ظ„ط­ظ‚ظٹظ‚ط© ظˆط§ظ„ظˆظ‡ظ…طŒط§ظ„ظ‡ظ„ط§ظ„طŒ ط£ط¨ط±ظٹظ„ 1999 (ط±ط¯ط§ظ‹ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ظ†ط§ ط§ظ„ظ…ظ†ط´ظˆط± ظپظٹ ظٹظˆظ„ظٹظˆ 1998 ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ظ„ط© ط°ط§طھظ‡ط§).

– 4 ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ط§طھ ظپظٹ ظ†ظ‚ط¯ ظƒطھط§ط¨ظ†ط§ ط¹ظ† ط§ظ„ظپطھط±ط© ط§ظ„ظ…ظƒظٹط© ظ…ظ† ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚طŒظ…ط¬ظ„ط© ط§ظ„ط£ط²ظ‡ط±طŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ ط£ط؛ط³ط·ط³ 2001ط› ط³ط¨طھظ…ط¨ط± 2001ط› ط£ظƒطھظˆط¨ط± 2001ط› ظˆظ†ظˆظپظ…ط¨ط± 2001

ط§ظ„ط³ظٹط¯ ط§ظ„ظ…ط®ط²ظ†ط¬ظٹ

– ط¯ظƒطھظˆط±ط§ظ‡ ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ط³ظˆط±ط¨ظˆظ†طŒ ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚ ظƒط°ط¨ ظپظٹ ظƒط°ط¨طŒط¹ظ‚ظٹط¯طھظٹطŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ 10 ط£ط¨ط±ظٹظ„ 2001 (ط¹ط±ط¶ ظ„ظƒطھط§ط¨ظ†ط§ ط¹ظ† ط§ظ„ظپطھط±ط© ط§ظ„ظ…ظƒظٹط© ظ…ظ† ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚).

ط£. ط¯. ط¹ط¨ط¯ ط§ظ„ط¹ط¸ظٹظ… ط§ظ„ظ…ط·ط¹ظ†ظٹ

– طھط²ظˆظٹط± ط§ظ„ط³ظٹط±ط©طŒ ظ‡ط¬ظ…ط© ط¹ظ„ظ…ط§ظ†ظٹط© ط¬ط¯ظٹط¯ط©طŒط¹ظ‚ظٹط¯طھظٹطŒ 24 ط£ط¨ط±ظٹظ„ 2001 ط¹ظ† ظƒطھط§ط¨ظ†ط§ ط§ظ„ظ…ط°ظƒظˆط±.

– ط£ط¯ظ„طھظƒ ط¨ط§ط·ظ„ط©طŒ ظˆظ…ظ†ط·ظ‚ظƒ ظ…ط¹ظˆط¬طŒط¹ظ‚ظٹط¯طھظٹطŒ ط£ظˆظ„ ظ…ط§ظٹظˆ 2001

– طھط­ظ„ظٹظ„ظƒظ… ط§ظ„ظ†ظ‚ط¯ظٹ ظ„ظ„ظ†طµ ظٹط؛ظ„ط¨ ط¹ظ„ظٹظ‡ ط§ظ„طھط¹ط³ظپ ظˆط§ظ„ظ‡ظˆظ‰طŒط¹ظ‚ظٹط¯طھظٹطŒ 8 ظ…ط§ظٹظˆ 2001

– ظ…ط±ط§ط¯ ط£ط³ط§ط، ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ… ط£ظƒط«ط± ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ط³طھط´ط±ظ‚ظٹظ†طŒط¹ظ‚ظٹط¯طھظٹطŒ 15 ظ…ط§ظٹظˆ 2001

– ظƒطھط§ط¨ ظ…ط±ط§ط¯ طھط­ظ„ظ„ ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ط¶ظˆط§ط¨ط· ط§ظ„ط¹ظ‚ظ„ظٹط© ظˆط§ظ„ظˆط§ظ‚ط¹ظٹط©طŒط¹ظ‚ظٹط¯طھظٹطŒ 22 ظ…ط§ظٹظˆ 2001

ط£. ط¯. ظ…ط­ظ…ط¯ ط³ظ„ظٹظ… ط§ظ„ط¹ظˆط§

– ظƒطھط§ط¨ ط¬ط¯ظٹط¯ ظپظٹ ظ†ظ‚ط¯ ظ…ط¹ط§ط±ظپ ظ‚ط¯ظٹظ…ط©طŒط§ظ„ظ‡ظ„ط§ظ„طŒ ط£ط؛ط³ط·ط³ 2001

ظ…ط­ظ…ظˆط¯ ط¹ظ„ظٹ ظ…ط±ط§ط¯

– ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ظ‡ط´ط§ظ…: ظ‡ظ„ ط£ظ†طµظژظپظژطھ ط§ظ„ط­ظ‚ظٹظ‚ط©طںطŒط§ظ„ظ‡ظ„ط§ظ„طŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ ظٹظ†ط§ظٹط± 1998

– ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ظ‡ط´ط§ظ…: ظ†ط¸ط±ط§طھ ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ظ„ظ†ط¨ظˆظٹط©طŒط§ظ„ظ‡ظ„ط§ظ„طŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ ظٹظˆظ„ظٹظˆ 1998 (ط±ط¯ط§ظ‹ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ط©
ط£. ط¯. ط¥ط¨ط±ط§ظ‡ظٹظ… ط¹ظˆط¶ظٹظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ظ†ط´ظˆط±ط© ظپظٹ ظ…ط§ظٹظˆ 1998 ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ظ„ط© ط°ط§طھظ‡ط§).

– ظ†ط¸ط±ط§طھ ظپظٹ ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ظ‡ط´ط§ظ…: ط§ظ„ظپطھط±ط© ط§ظ„ظ…ظƒظٹط©طŒ ظ‡ط²ظٹظ…ط© ط£ظ… ظ†طµط±طںطŒط§ظ„ظ‡ظ„ط§ظ„طŒ ظ†ظˆظپظ…ط¨ط± 1998

– ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ظ‡ط´ط§ظ… ظˆط­ظ…ط§ظٹط© ط§ظ„ط±ط³ظˆظ„طŒط§ظ„ظ‡ظ„ط§ظ„طŒ ظٹظˆظ„ظٹظˆ 1999 (ط±ط¯ط§ظ‹ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ط© ط£. ط¯. ط¥ط¨ط±ط§ظ‡ظٹظ… ط¹ظˆط¶ظٹظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ظ†ط´ظˆط±ط© ظپظٹ ط£ط¨ط±ظٹظ„ 1999 ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ظ„ط© ط°ط§طھظ‡ط§).

– ط¹ظ† ظ†ظ‚ط¯ ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚طŒط§ظ„ظ‡ظ„ط§ظ„طŒ ط³ط¨طھظ…ط¨ط± 2001 (طھط¹ظ‚ظٹط¨ط§ظ‹ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ط© ط£. ط¯. ظ…ط­ظ…ط¯ ط³ظ„ظٹظ… ط§ظ„ط¹ظˆط§طŒ ط§ظ„ظ…ظ†ط´ظˆط±ط© ظپظٹ ط£ط؛ط³ط·ط³ 2001 ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ظ„ط© ط°ط§طھظ‡ط§).

– طھطµط­ظٹط­ ظ„ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ظ‡ط´ط§ظ…طŒط§ظ„ظ…طµظˆط±طŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ 20 ط£ط¨ط±ظٹظ„ 2001

– ظ„ط³طھ طµظ†ظٹط¹ط© ظ„ظ„ظ…ط¨ط´ط±ظٹظ† ظˆط§ظ„ظ…ط³طھط´ط±ظ‚ظٹظ†طŒ ظˆط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚ ط؛ط¶طھ ظ…ظ† ظ‚ط¯ط± ط§ظ„ط±ط³ظˆظ„طŒط¹ظ‚ظٹط¯طھظٹطŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ 8 ظ…ط§ظٹظˆ 2001 (ط±ط¯ط§ظ‹ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ط© ط£. ط¯. ط¹ط¨ط¯ ط§ظ„ط¹ط¸ظٹظ… ط§ظ„ظ…ط·ط¹ظ†ظٹ ط§ظ„ظ…ظ†ط´ظˆط±ط© ظپظٹ 24 ط£ط¨ط±ظٹظ„ 2001 ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ظ„ط© ط°ط§طھظ‡ط§).

– ظپظٹ ظ†ظ‚ط¯ ط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚ / ط§ط¨ظ† ظ‡ط´ط§ظ…طŒظ…ط¬ظ„ط© ط§ظ„ط£ط²ظ‡ط±طŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ ط¯ظٹط³ظ…ط¨ط± 2001 ظˆظٹظ†ط§ظٹط± 2002 (ط±ط¯ط§ظ‹ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ظٹ ط£. ط¯. ط¥ط¨ط±ط§ظ‡ظٹظ… ط¹ظˆط¶ظٹظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ظ†ط´ظˆط±ظٹظ† ظپظٹ ط£ط؛ط³ط·ط³ ظˆط³ط¨طھظ…ط¨ط± 2001 ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ظ„ط© ط°ط§طھظ‡ط§).

ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ†

Blachأ¨re(Rأ©gis), Le Coran (a-Qor’أ¢n), Paris, G. P. Maisonneuve & Larose,1980.

"ط¨ظ„ط§ط´ظٹط±" (ط±ظٹط¬ظٹ)طŒط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ†طŒط¨ط§ط±ظٹط³طŒ ط¯ط§ط± ظ†ط´ط± "ظ…ظٹط²ظˆظ†ظڈظ‘ڤ ظˆ ظ„ط§ط±ظˆط²"طŒ 1980.

ط§ظ„ظ…ظ†طھط®ط¨ ظپظٹ طھظپط³ظٹط± ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ط§ظ„ظƒط±ظٹظ…طŒط§ظ„ط·ط¨ط¹ط© 12طŒ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ظ„ط³ ط§ظ„ط£ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ„ظ„ط´ط¦ظˆظ† ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ…ظٹط©طŒ ظˆط²ط§ط±ط© ط§ظ„ط£ظˆظ‚ط§ظپطŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ 1986 (ط£طµط¯ط± ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ظ„ط³ ط§ظ„ط£ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ„ظ„ط´ط¦ظˆظ† ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ…ظٹط© ط¨ظˆط²ط§ط±ط© ط§ظ„ط£ظˆظ‚ط§ظپ ظˆط§ظ„ط´ط¦ظˆظ† ط§ظ„ط¯ظٹظ†ظٹط© ظپظٹ ظ…طµط± ظ‡ط°ط§ ط§ظ„طھظپط³ظٹط± ظˆظ‡ظˆ ط«ظ…ط±ط© ط£ط¹ظ…ط§ظ„ ظ„ط¬ظ†ط© ظ…ظƒظˆظ†ط© ظ…ظ† ظ†ط®ط¨ط© ظ…ظ† ظƒط¨ط§ط± ط§ظ„ط¹ظ„ظ…ط§ط، ظˆط§ظ„ط£ط³ط§طھط°ط© ط§ظ„ظ…طھط®طµطµظٹظ† ظپظٹ ط¹ظ„ظˆظ… ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ط§ظ„ظƒط±ظٹظ…).

ط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط®

- ط£ط­ظ…ط¯ ط£ظ…ظٹظ†طŒظپط¬ط± ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ…طŒظ…ظƒطھط¨ط© ط§ظ„ظ†ظ‡ط¶ط© ط§ظ„ظ…طµط±ظٹط©طŒ 1965.

- ط­ط³ظ† ط¥ط¨ط±ط§ظ‡ظٹظ… ط­ط³ظ†طŒطھط§ط±ظٹط® ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ…طŒظ…ط¬ظ„ط¯ط§ظ†طŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ ظ…ظƒطھط¨ط© ط§ظ„ظ†ظ‡ط¶ط© ط§ظ„ظ…طµط±ظٹط©طŒ ط§ظ„ط·ط¨ط¹ط© ط§ظ„ط«ط§ظ…ظ†ط©طŒ 1974.

- ط¹ظ„ظٹ ط¥ط¨ط±ط§ظ‡ظٹظ… ط­ط³ظ†طŒط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط® ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ…ظٹ ط§ظ„ط¹ط§ظ…طŒ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ ظ…ظƒطھط¨ط© ط§ظ„ظ†ظ‡ط¶ط© ط§ظ„ظ…طµط±ظٹط©طŒ 1977

ط§ظ„طµط­ظٹظپط©

Ahmad (Barakat), Muhammad and the Jews, a Re-examination, Vikas Publishing House PVT LTD, New Delhi, 1979.

ط¨ط±ظƒط§طھ ط£ط­ظ…ط¯طŒظ…ط­ظ…ط¯ ظˆط§ظ„ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯طŒطھط±ط¬ظ…ط© ظ…ط­ظ…ظˆط¯ ط¹ظ„ظٹ ظ…ط±ط§ط¯طŒ ظ‡ظٹط¦ط© ط§ظ„ظƒطھط§ط¨.

Gil (Moshe), «The Constitution of Medina: a Reconsideration», Israel Oriental Studies, IV (1974)

ظ…ظˆط´ظ‰ ط¬ظٹظ„طŒ " ط¯ط³طھظˆط± ط§ظ„ظ…ط¯ظٹظ†ط©:  ظ†ط¸ط±ط© ط¬ط¯ظٹط¯ط© "

Hamidulla (Muhammad), Le Prophأ¨te de l’Islam, 4e أ©d. Paris, Association des Etudiants Islamiques en France, 1974

ظ…ط­ظ…ط¯ ط­ظ…ظٹط¯ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡طŒ" ط±ط³ظˆظ„ ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ… "

Lecker (Michael), « Wأ¢qidi’s  account on the status of the Jews of Medina: a study of a combined report ». The life of Muhammad, edited by Uri Rubin. 1998, Ashgate Publishing Limited.

ظ…ظٹظƒط§ظٹظٹظ„ ظ„ظٹظƒط±طŒ"ط±ظˆط§ظٹط© ط§ظ„ظˆط§ظ‚ط¯ظٹ ظ„ظˆط¶ط¹ ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¯ظٹظ†ط©: ط¯ط±ط§ط³ط© ط¹ظ† ط§ظ„طھظ‚ط±ظٹط± ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ظ…ط¹"طŒ ظپظٹ ظ…ط¬ظ…ظˆط¹ط© ط­ظٹط§ط© ظ…ط­ظ…ط¯.

De Prأ©mare (Alfred-Louis), Les fondations de l’Islam, Paris, Seuil, 2002.

ط£ظ„ظپط±ظٹط¯ ظ„ظˆظٹ ط¯ظٹ ظ¾ط±ظٹظ…ط§ط±طŒ" ط£ط³ط³ ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ…".

Serjeant (R. B.)

– «The Constitution of Medina», The Islamic Quarterly, VIII, (January-June, 1964).

ط±. ط¨. ط³ط±ط¬ظ†طھطŒ"ط¯ط³طھظˆط± ط§ظ„ظ…ط¯ظٹظ†ط©"

– «The Sunnah Jami’ah: Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the So-Called ‘Constitution of Medina’», in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 41 (1978).

"ط§ظ„ط³ظڈظ†ط© ط§ظ„ط¬ط§ظ…ط¹ط©: طھط­ظ„ظٹظ„ ظˆطھط±ط¬ظ…ط© ظ„ظ„ظˆط«ط§ط¦ظ‚ ط§ظ„طھظٹ ظٹطھط¶ظ…ظ†ظ‡ط§ ظ…ط§ ظٹط¹ط±ظپ ط¨ظ€ (ط¯ط³طھظˆط± ط§ظ„ظ…ط¯ظٹظ†ط©)".

ط£ط¨ظˆ ط¹ط¨ط¯ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ط§ظ„ظˆط§ظ‚ط¯ظٹطŒظƒطھط§ط¨ ط§ظ„ظ…ط؛ط§ط²ظٹطŒ ط¬ط²ط،ط§ظ†طŒ ط¯ط§ط± ط§ظ„ظƒظڈطھط¨ ط§ظ„ط¹ظ„ظ…ظٹط©طŒ ط¨ظٹط±ظˆطھطŒ 2004

Watt (W. Montgomery), Mahomet, (1^reأ©d. 1958, 1959), trad. de l’anglais par F. Dourveil, S.-M Guillemin et F. Vaudou, Paris, Payot, 1989.

ظ…ظ†طھط¬ظ…ط±ظٹ ظˆط§ط·طŒ"ظ…ط­ظ…ط¯"طŒ ط§ظ„ط·ط¨ط¹ط© ط§ظ„ط£ظˆظ„ظ‰.

Wensinck (Arent Jan), Muhammad and the Jews of Medina, with an excursus Muhammed’s constitution of Medina by Julius Wellhausen, translated and edited by Wolfgang Behn, 1975.

ط¢ط±ظ†طھ ط¬ط§ظ† ظˆظٹظ†ط³ظٹظ†ظƒطŒ ظ…ط­ظ…ط¯ ظˆظٹظ‡ظˆط¯ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¯ظٹظ†ط©طŒظ…ط¹ ظ…ظ„ط­ظ‚ ط¹ظ† ط¯ط³طھظˆط± ط§ظ„ظ…ط¯ظٹظ†ط©طŒ ط¨ظ‚ظ„ظ… ط¬ظˆظ„ظٹظˆط³ ظˆظ„ظ‡ط§ظˆط²ظ†.

ط§ظ„ظ‚ظˆط§ظ…ظٹط³

ظ…ط­ظ…ط¯ ظپط¤ط§ط¯ ط¹ط¨ط¯ ط§ظ„ط¨ط§ظ‚ظٹطŒط§ظ„ظ…ط¹ط¬ظ… ط§ظ„ظ…ظپظ‡ط±ط³ ظ„ط£ظ„ظپط§ط¸ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ط§ظ„ظƒط±ظٹظ…طŒط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ط±ط©طŒ ط¯ط§ط± ظˆظ…ظƒطھط¨ط© ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ط¨.

ط§ظ„ظ…ط¹ط¬ظ… ط§ظ„ظˆط³ظٹط·طŒ ظ…ط¬ظ…ط¹ ط§ظ„ظ„ط؛ط© ط§ظ„ط¹ط±ط¨ظٹط©طŒ ط¬ط²ط،ط§ظ†طŒ ط§ظ„ط·ط¨ط¹ط© ط§ظ„ط«ط§ظ†ظٹط©طŒ 1972

Dictionnaire de l’Islam, Encyclopaedia Universalis, Albin Michel, 1997

Dictionnaire arabe - franأ§ais, franأ§ais- arabe, as-Sabil, Collection Saturne, par Daniel Reig. Librairie Larousse, 1983.

ط§ظ„ظپظ‡ط±ط³

ط§ظ„ط¬ط²ط،ط§ظ„ط£ظˆظ„

طھظ…ظ‡ظٹط¯                                                                                                 9

ظ…ظ‚ط¯ظ…ط©                                                                                                 11

ط§ظ„ظپطµظ„ ط§ظ„ط£ظˆظ„

ط§ظ„ظ‡ط¬ط±ط©

ط£ط¨ظˆ ط³ظژظ„ظژظ…ظژط©                                                                                              20

ط¹ظٹط§ط´ ط¨ظ† ط£ط¨ظٹ ط±ط¨ظٹط¹ط© ظˆظ‡ط´ط§ظ… ط¨ظ† ط§ظ„ط¹ط§طµظٹ                                                         22

ط§ظ„ط±ط³ظˆظ„ طµظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ط¹ظ„ظٹظ‡ ظˆط³ظ„ظ…                                                                      25

ط³ظڈط±ط§ظ‚ط©                                                                                                 25

ظ…ط³ظ„ظ…ظˆ ظ…ظƒط©                                                                                           32

ط§ظ„ظ…ط¤ط§ط®ط§ط©                                                                                               33

ط£ط¨ظˆ ط£ظ…ط§ظ…ط©                                                                                              35

ط°ظگظƒط± ظ…ظ† ط§ط¹طھظ„ ظ…ظ† ط£طµط­ط§ط¨ ط±ط³ظˆظ„ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ طµظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ط¹ظ„ظٹظ‡ ظˆط³ظ„ظ…                                   37

ظ…ظ„ط­ظˆط¸ط§طھ ط¹ط§ظ…ط©                                                                                     38

1– ط§ظ„ظ…ظ‡ط§ط¬ط±ظˆظ†                                                                                      38

2– ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¯ظٹظ†ط©                                                                                        41

      ط£ ) ط§ظ„ظ…ط³ظ„ظ…ظˆظ†                                                                                   43

     ط¨) ط§ظ„ظ…ط´ط±ظƒظˆظ†                                                                                  44

3– ظپظٹ ظ…ظƒط©                                                                                           46

4– ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ط¬ط²ظٹط±ط© ط§ظ„ط¹ط±ط¨ظٹط©                                                                            49

ط§ظ„ظ…ط­طµظ‘ظ„ط©                                                                                              49

ط§ظ„ظپطµظ„ ط§ظ„ط«ط§ظ†ظٹ

ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ… ط£ظ‡ظ„ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¯ظٹظ†ط©

ط£ط¨ظˆ ط¹ط§ظ…ط± ط¨ظ† ط§ظ„طµظٹظپظٹ                                                                               54

ط§ظ„ط®ط·ط¨طھط§ظ†                                                                                              55

ط®ط¨ط± ط§ظ„ط£ط°ط§ظ†                                                                                           56

ظ…ظ„ط­ظˆط¸ط§طھ ط¹ط§ظ…ط©                                                                                     58

ظƒظپط§ط± ط§ظ„ظ…ط¯ظٹظ†ط©                                                                                          59

ط§ظ„ط³ظˆط±ط© ط±ظ‚ظ… 93 ط¨طھط±طھظٹط¨ ط¨ظ„ط§ط´ظٹط± (2 ط§ظ„ط¨ظ‚ط±ط©)                                                     60

ط§ظ„ط³ظˆط± 94 ط¥ظ„ظ‰ 116 ط¨طھط±طھظٹط¨ ط¨ظ„ط§ط´ظٹط±                                                             61

3) ط±ظ‚ظ… 115: (9) ط§ظ„طھظˆط¨ط©                                                                           63

4) ط±ظ‚ظ… 116: (5) ط§ظ„ظ…ط§ط¦ط¯ط©                                                                          63

4) ط¢ظٹط§طھ ط°ط§طھ ط¯ظ„ط§ظ„ط© ط®ط§طµط©                                                                         67

ط§ظ„ظ…ط­طµظ‘ظ„ط©                                                                                              69

ط§ظ„ظ…ط³ظ„ظ…ظˆظ† ظˆط§ظ„ط­ط¬                                                                                     70

ط§ظ„ظپطµظ„ ط§ظ„ط«ط§ظ„ط«

ظ…ظ† ط§ط¬طھظ…ط¹ ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯ ظ…ظ† ظ…ظ†ط§ظپظ‚ظٹ ط§ظ„ط£ظ†طµط§ط±

ط§ط¨ظ† ط£ظڈط¨ظٹ ظˆط§ط¨ظ† ط§ظ„طµظٹظپظٹ                                                                               83

ط§ظ„ط§ظ‚طھط¨ط§ط³ط§طھ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ†ظٹط©                                                                                  86

ظ…ظ„ط­ظˆط¸ط§طھ ط¹ط§ظ…ط©                                                                                     93

ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ط؛ظٹط± ط§ظ„ظ…ظ‚طھط¨ط³                                                                                 95

ط¹ط¨ط¯ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ط¨ظ† ط£ظڈط¨ظٹظ‘                                                                                       105

ط§ظ„ظ…ط­طµظ‘ظ„ط©                                                                                              112

ط§ظ„ظپطµظ„ ط§ظ„ط±ط§ط¨ط¹

ط§ظ„ظ†طµط§ط±ظ‰ ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¯ظٹظ†ط©

1– ط³ظ„ظ…ط§ظ† ط§ظ„ظپط§ط±ط³ظٹ                                                                                 117

ط§ظ„ظ…ط­طµظ‘ظ„ط©                                                                                              128

2– ظˆظپط¯ ظ†طµط§ط±ظ‰ ظ†ط¬ط±ط§ظ†                                                                            130

ط§ظ„ظ…ط­طµظ‘ظ„ط©                                                                                              136

ط§ظ„ط§ظ‚طھط¨ط§ط³ط§طھ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ†ظٹط©                                                                                  136

ظ…ظ„ط­ظˆط¸ط§طھ                                                                                            140

ط§ظ„ظ…ط­طµظ‘ظ„ط©                                                                                              151

3– ظ†طµط§ط±ظ‰ ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¯ظٹظ†ط© طں                                                                          153

ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ط؛ظٹط± ط§ظ„ظ…ظ‚طھط¨ط³                                                                                 153

ط§ظ„ظ…ط­طµظ‘ظ„ط©                                                                                              157

ط§ظ„ظپطµظ„ ط§ظ„ط®ط§ظ…ط³

ط§ظ„ط£ط¹ط¯ط§ط، ظ…ظ† ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯

ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ… ط¹ط¨ط¯ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ط¨ظ† ط³ظ„ط§ظ…                                                                             160

ط­ط¯ظٹط« ظ…ط®ظٹط±ظٹظ‚                                                                                      161

ط´ظ‡ط§ط¯ط© ط¹ظ† طµظپظٹط©                                                                                    161

ظ…ظ† ط£ط³ظ„ظ… ظ…ظ† ط£ط­ط¨ط§ط± ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯ ظ†ظپط§ظ‚ط§ظ‹                                                                      162

ط§ظ„ط§ظ‚طھط¨ط§ط³ط§طھ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ†ظٹط©                                                                                  166

ط§ظ„ظپطµظ„ ط§ظ„ط³ط§ط¯ط³

ط§ظ„ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯ (ط¨ظ‚ظٹط©)

ظ…ظ„ط­ظˆط¸ط§طھ ط¹ط§ظ…ط©                                                                                     234

ظ…ظٹط«ط§ظ‚ ط§ظ„ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯                                                                                          241

ط§ط³طھط®ط¯ط§ظ… ط§ظ„ط£ط³ظ…ط§ط،                                                                                     243

ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ط؛ظٹط± ط§ظ„ظ…ظ‚طھط¨ط³                                                                                 245

ط§ظ„ظپطµظ„ ط§ظ„ط³ط§ط¨ط¹

ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ط± ظˆط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ†

( ط£ ) ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ط±                                                                                           250

ظ…ظ„ط­ظˆط¸ط§طھ ط¹ط§ظ…ط©                                                                                     257

ط§ظ„ظ…ط­طµظ‘ظ„ط©                                                                                              259

(ط¨) ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ†                                                                                           259

ط§ظ„ط£ظ…ط§ظ† ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¯ظٹظ†ط©                                                                                    264

ط§ظ„ظپطµظ„ ط§ظ„ط«ط§ظ…ظ†

ظ…ظ„ط­ظˆط¸ط§طھ ط®طھط§ظ…ظٹط©

( ط£ ) ط§ظ„ظپط±ط§ط؛ط§طھ                                                                                       268

طµظˆط±ط© ط§ظ„ط±ط³ظˆظ„                                                                                      272

1- ظ…ط³ط¦ظˆظ„ظٹط§طھظ‡ ظƒظ†ط¨ظٹ                                                                                  272

2- ظ…ط³ط¦ظˆظ„ظٹط§طھظ‡ ظƒط±ط¦ظٹط³ ظ„ظ„ط£ظ…ط©                                                                        273

3- ظ…ط³ط¦ظˆظ„ظٹط§طھظ‡ ظƒظ…ط´ط±ظگظ‘ط¹                                                                              274

4- ظ…ط³ط¦ظˆظ„ظٹط§طھظ‡ ظƒظ‚ط§ط¶ظچ                                                                                274

(ط¨) ط§ظ„طھظ„ط§ط¹ط¨ ط¨ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ†                                                                               276

ط§ظ„ظ…ط´ط±ظƒظˆظ†                                                                                            276

ط§ظ„ظ…ظ†ط§ظپظ‚ظˆظ†                                                                                              277

ط§ظ„ظ†طµط§ط±ظ‰                                                                                             278

ط§ظ„ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯                                                                                                  278

ط§ظ„ظ…ط­طµظ‘ظ„ط© ط§ظ„ظ†ظ‡ط§ط¦ظٹط©                                                                                    279

ط§ظ„ط¬ط²ط، ط§ظ„ط«ط§ظ†ظٹ

ط§ظ„ظپطµظ„ ط§ظ„ط£ظˆظ„

ط§ظ„طµط­ظٹظپط©

طھط­ظ„ظٹظ„ ط§ظ„ظ†طµ                                                                                          285

طھظ„ط®ظٹطµ ظˆظ…ظ„ط­ظˆط¸ط§طھ ط¹ط§ظ…ط©                                                                         321

ط§ظ„ظ…ط­طµظ‘ظ„ط©                                                                                              326

ط§ظ„طµط­ظٹظپط© (ط·ط¨ظ‚ط§ظ‹ ظ„طھط±ظ‚ظٹظ…ظ†ط§ ظ„ظ…ظˆط§ط¯ظ‡ط§)                                                                 330

ط§ظ„ظپطµظ„ ط§ظ„ط«ط§ظ†ظٹ

ط±. ط¨. ط³ط±ط¬ظ†طھ

ظ…ظ‚ط¯ظ…ط©                                                                                                  336

ط§ظ„ط¹ط±ط¨ ظˆط§ظ„ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯ ظپظٹ ظٹط«ط±ط¨ ظپظٹ ط²ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ظ‡ط¬ط±ط©                                                       341

ط§ظ„ط£ظ…ط©                                                                                                   349

ظ…ط¤ظ…ظ† ظˆظ…ط³ظ„ظ…                                                                                         352

ط§ظ„ظ…ط¤ظ…ظ†ظˆظ†                                                                                              352

ط§ظ„ظ…ط³ظ„ظ…ظˆظ†                                                                                             356

ط§ظ„ظ…ظ‡ط§ط¬ط±ظˆظ†                                                                                           360

ط§ظ„ظˆط«ظٹظ‚ط© "ط£ظ„ظپ"

ظ…ط¹ط§ظ‡ط¯ط© طھظƒظˆظٹظ† ط§ظ„ط§طھط­ط§ط¯ ط§ظ„ظƒظˆظ†ظپط¯ط±ط§ظ„ظٹ (ط§ظ„ط£ظ…ط©)

ط§ظ„ط¥ط·ط§ط± ط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط®ظٹ                                                                                    363

ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط§ط¯ ظ…ظ† 1 (=1) ط¥ظ„ظ‰ 12 (=22)                                                               364

ط§ظ„ظˆط«ظٹظ‚ط© "ط¨ط§ط،"

طھظƒظ…ظ„ط© ظ„ظ…ط¹ط§ظ‡ط¯ط© طھظƒظˆظٹظ† ط§ظ„ط§طھط­ط§ط¯ ط§ظ„ظƒظˆظ†ظپط¯ط±ط§ظ„ظٹ

ط§ظ„ط¥ط·ط§ط± ط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط®ظٹ                                                                                    379

ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط§ط¯ ظ…ظ† 1 (=23) ط¥ظ„ظ‰ 4 (=26)                                                               379

ط§ظ„ط¥ط´ط§ط±ط§طھ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ†ظٹط© ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ط§طھظپط§ظ‚ظٹظ† "ط£ظ„ظپ" ظˆ"ط¨ط§ط،" ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ط¯ط³طھظˆط±

ظ…ط¹ط§ظ‡ط¯ط© طھظƒظˆظٹظ† ط§ظ„ط§طھط­ط§ط¯ ط§ظ„ظƒظˆظ†ظپط¯ط±ط§ظ„ظٹ ظˆظ…ظ„ط­ظ‚ظ‡ط§                                                    384

ط§ظ„ظ…ظ‚ط§ط¨ظ„ط© ظ…ط¹ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ†                                                                                    387

ط§ظ„ظ…ظ‚ط§ط¨ظ„ط© ط¨ظٹظ† ط§ظ„ط¢ظٹط§طھ 101 ظˆظ…ط§ ط¨ط¹ط¯ظ‡ط§ ظ…ظ†

ط³ظˆط±ط© ط¢ظ„ ط¹ظ…ط±ط§ظ† ظˆط§ظ„ظˆط«ظٹظ‚طھظٹظ† "ط£ظ„ظپ" ظˆ"ط¨ط§ط،"

ط§ظ„ظ†طµ ط§ظ„ط£طµظ„ظٹ                                                                                       390

ظ…ظ„ط®طµ ط§ظ„ط§ط³طھظ†طھط§ط¬ط§طھ                                                                               396

ظˆط«ط§ط¦ظ‚ ط§ظ„ط¯ط³طھظˆط± ط§ظ„ط«ظ…ط§ظ†ظٹ                                                                              399

ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆظ‚ط¹ظˆظ† ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ظˆط«ط§ط¦ظ‚                                                                              400

ط§ظ„ظ…ظ†ط§ظپظ‚ظˆظ†                                                                                              402

ط§ظ„ظˆط«ظٹظ‚ط© "ط¬ظٹظ…"

ظ…ط¹ط§ظ‡ط¯ط© طھط­ط¯ط¯ ظˆط¶ط¹ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط¨ط§ط¦ظ„ ط§ظ„ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯ظٹط© ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ط£ظ…ط©

ط§ظ„ط¥ط·ط§ط± ط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط®ظٹ                                                                                    407

ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط§ط¯ ظ…ظ† 1 (=27) ط¥ظ„ظ‰ 5 (=36)                                                               411

ط§ظ„ظˆط«ظٹظ‚ط© "ط¯ط§ظ„"

طھظƒظ…ظ„ط© ظ„ظ„ظ…ط¹ط§ظ‡ط¯ط© ط§ظ„طھظٹ طھط­ط¯ط¯ ظˆط¶ط¹ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط¨ط§ط¦ظ„ ط§ظ„ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯ظٹط©

ط§ظ„ط¥ط·ط§ط± ط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط®ظٹ                                                                                    416

ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط§ط¯ 1 (=37) ط¥ظ„ظ‰ 6 (=40)                                                                    417

ط§ظ„ظˆط«ظٹظ‚ط© "ظ‡ط§ط،"

ط¥ط¹ط§ط¯ط© طھط£ظƒظٹط¯ ظˆط¶ط¹ ط§ظ„ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯

ط§ظ„ط¥ط·ط§ط± ط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط®ظٹ                                                                                    423

ظ‚طھظ„ ظƒط¹ط¨ ط¨ظ† ط§ظ„ط£ط´ط±ظپ ............................................................................ 425

ظ…ط§ ط­ط¯ط« ط¨ط¹ط¯ ظ‚طھظ„ ط§ط¨ظ† ط§ظ„ط£ط´ط±ظپ ................................................................... 434

ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆطھ ظ„ظ„ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯ ....................................................................................... 434

ط§ط¨ظ† ط³ظڈظ†ظٹظ†ط© ........................................................................................... 437

ظپط²ط¹ ط§ظ„ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯ ......................................................................................... 438

ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚ ......................................................................................... 440

ظ†ظ‚ط§ط· ط§ظ„ط§طھظپط§ظ‚ ........................................................................................ 444

ظ†ظ‚ط§ط· ط§ظ„ط§ط®طھظ„ط§ظپ .................................................................................... 445

ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ط± ............................................................................................... 445

ط§ظ„ظ…ط­طµظ‘ظ„ط© ............................................................................................ 446

ظ„ظ…ط§ط°ط§ ط§ظ„طھظ„ظپظٹظ‚طں ....................................................................................... 449

ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط§ط¯ ظ…ظ† 1 (=42) ط¥ظ„ظ‰ 6 (=41) ............................................................. 451

ظ…ظ„ط­ظˆط¸ط§طھ ط¹ط§ظ…ط© ................................................................................... 454

ط§ظ„ظˆط«ظٹظ‚ط© " ظˆط§ظˆ"

ط¥ط¹ظ„ط§ظ† ظٹط«ط±ط¨ ظƒط­ط±ظ…

ط§ظ„ط¥ط·ط§ط± ط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط®ظٹ                                                                                    456

ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط§ط¯ ظ…ظ† 1 (=44) ط¥ظ„ظ‰ 5 = (47) ............................................................ 457

ظ…ظ„ط­ظˆط¸ط§طھ ط¹ط§ظ…ط© ................................................................................... 461

ط§ظ„ظˆط«ظٹظ‚ط© "ط²ط§ظٹ"

ظ…ط¹ط§ظ‡ط¯ط© ط¹ظڈظ‚ط¯طھ ظ‚ط¨ظ„ ط؛ط²ظˆط© ط§ظ„ط®ظ†ط¯ظ‚

ط¨ظٹظ† ط¹ط±ط¨ ظٹط«ط±ط¨ ظˆظٹظ‡ظˆط¯ ط¨ظ†ظٹ ظ‚ط±ظٹط¸ط©

ظ„ط­ظ…ط§ظٹط© ظٹط«ط±ط¨ ظ…ظ† ظ‚ط±ظٹط´ ظ…ظƒط© ظˆط­ظ„ظپط§ط¦ظ‡ط§

ط§ظ„ط¥ط·ط§ط± ط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط®ظٹ                                                                                    461

ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط§ط¯ ظ…ظ† 1 (=48) ط¥ظ„ظ‰ 8 (=51)                                                               464

ظ…ظ„ط­ظˆط¸ط§طھ ط¹ط§ظ…ط©                                                                                     468

ط§ظ„ظˆط«ظٹظ‚ط© "ط­ط§ط،"

ظ…ظ„ط­ظ‚ ط¨ط¥ط¹ظ„ط§ظ† ظٹط«ط±ط¨ ظƒط­ط±ظ…

ط§ظ„ط¥ط·ط§ط± ط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط®ظٹ                                                                                    468

طھط¬ظ…ظٹط¹ ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط§ط¯ ظ…ظ† 1 (=52) ط¥ظ„ظ‰ 3 (=52)                                                       469

طھط¬ظ…ظٹط¹ ظˆظ…ظ„ط­ظˆط¸ط§طھ ظ†ظ‡ط§ط¦ظٹط©                                                                          470

ط§ظ„ظ…ط­طµظ‘ظ„ط©                                                                                              477

ط§ظ„طµط­ظٹظپط© – ظˆط«ط§ط¦ظ‚ "ط±. ط¨. ط³ط±ط¬ظ†طھ" ط§ظ„ط«ظ…ط§ظ†ظٹ                                                   479

ط§ظ„ظپطµظ„ ط§ظ„ط«ط§ظ„ط«

ط¹ظ„ظ…ط§ط، ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ…ظٹط§طھ ط§ظ„ط¢ط®ط±ظˆظ†

ط£ظ„ظپ – طµط­ط© ط§ظ„طµط­ظٹظپط©                                                                             483

ط¨ط§ط، – ط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط®                                                                                        490

ط¬ظٹظ… – ط£ط·ط±ط§ظپ ط§ظ„طµط­ظٹظپط©                                                                           499

ط¯ط§ظ„ – ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط¶ظˆط¹                                                                                    507

ظ…ظ„ط®طµ .............................................................................................. 525

طھط¬ظ…ظٹط¹ ظˆظ…ظ„ط­ظˆط¸ط§طھ ط¹ط§ظ…ط© ......................................................................... 533

ط§ظ„طµط­ظٹظپط© ظˆط³ظٹط±ط© ط§ط¨ظ† ط¥ط³ط­ط§ظ‚/ ط§ط¨ظ† ظ‡ط´ط§ظ… ....................................................... 542

ط§ظ„طµط­ظٹظپط© ظˆط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ط§ظ„ظƒط±ظٹظ… .......................................................................... 544

ط§ظ„ظ…ط­طµظ„ط© ط§ظ„ظ†ظ‡ط§ط¦ظٹط© .................................................................................. 553

ط¨ط¨ظ„ظٹظˆط؛ط±ط§ظپظٹط§                                                                                           554

ط§ظ„ظپظ‡ط±ط³                                                                                               559