ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ظˆط°ط© ظ‚ط¯ظٹظ…ط§ ظˆط­ط¯ظٹط«ط§ ظ…ظˆط¬ظˆط¯ط© ظپظٹ ظƒظ„ ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ط§ظ„ط§طھ ط³ظˆط§ط، ط¯ظٹظ†ظٹط© ط£ظˆ ط³ظٹط§ط³ظٹط©ط£ظˆ ط؛ظٹط±ظ‡ط§ ظˆط§ظ„ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ ط§ظ„ط±ط§ط¦ط¹ ظ„ظ„ط¯ظƒطھظˆط± ط£ط­ظ…ط¯ طµط¨ط­ظٹ ظٹظ„ظ‚ظٹ ط§ظ„ط¶ظˆط، ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ظˆط°ط© ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ط¹طµط± ط§ظ„ظ…ظ…ظ„ظˆظƒظٹ ظˆظٹطµظ„ ط¨ظ‡ط§ ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ط¹طµط± ط§ظ„ط±ط§ظ‡ظ† ط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ظ†ط¹ظٹط´ ظپظٹظ‡ طŒظˆط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ط³ظٹط·ط±طھ ط¹ظ„ظٹظ‡ ط§ظ„ظˆظ‡ط§ط¨ظٹط© ظˆظ„ظƒظ† ط§ظ„ط¯ظƒطھظˆط± ط£ط­ظ…ط¯ ظ„ظ… ظٹط°ظƒط± ظ„ظ†ط§ ط£ظ„ظˆط§ظ† ط£ط®ط±ظ‰ ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ظˆط°ط© طھطھط®ظپظ‰ ظˆط±ط§ط، ظˆط·ظ†ظٹط© ط²ط§ط¦ظپط© طھط¯ط§ط±ظٹ ط¨ظ‡ط§ ط³ط±ظ‚ط§طھظ‡ط§ ظ„ط´ط¹ظˆط¨ظ‡ط§ طŒ ظˆط¨ط§ظ„ط·ط¨ط¹ ظپط¥ظ† ظ…ظ† ظٹظپط¹ظ„ظˆظ† ط°ظ„ظƒ ظٹط³طھط¹ظٹظ†ظˆظ† ط¨ظƒطھط§ط¨ ظ…ظ† ظƒط§ظپط© ط§ظ„ط§طھط¬ط§ظ‡ط§طھ ( ظٹط³ط§ط±ظٹط© ط¹ظ„ظ…ط§ظ†ظٹط© طŒ ط£ظˆ ظٹظ…ظٹظ†ظٹط© ط¯ظٹظ†ظٹط© ط¥ظ„ط® ) ظˆظ‡ط¤ظ„ط§ط، ط§ظ„ظƒطھط§ط¨ ط§ظ„ط°ظٹظ† ظƒط§ظ†طھ ظ†ط´ط£طھظ‡ظ… ط§ظ„ط£ظˆظ„ظ‰ ظƒظ…ط®ط¨ط±ظٹظ† ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ط£ظ† طھط·ظˆط± ط¨ظ‡ظ… ط§ظ„ط­ط§ظ„ ظˆط£طµط¨ط­ظˆط§ ظƒطھط§ط¨ط§ ظ…ط®ط¨ط±ظٹظ† ط£ظˆ ظ…ط®ط¨ط±ظٹظ† ظƒطھط§ط¨ (ط£ظ„ظٹط³ ظ‡ط°ط§ ظ†ظˆط¹ط§ ظ…ظ† ط§ظ†ظˆط§ط¹ ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ظˆط°ط© )ط£ظ†ط§ ط£ط±ظ‰ ط£ظ†ظ‡ ط£ط®ط·ط± ط£ظ†ظˆط§ط¹ ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ظˆط°ط© ظ‡ظˆ ظˆط¬ظˆط¯ ظ…ط«ظ„ ظ‡ط¤ظ„ط§ط، ط§ظ„ظƒطھط§ط¨ ط§ظ„ظ…ط®ط¨ط±ظٹظ† ظˆط§ظ„طھظٹ طھظپط¶ط­ظ‡ظ… ط£ظ‚ظ„ط§ظ…ظ‡ظ… ط­ظٹط« طھط±ط§ظ‡ظ… ظٹط±طھط¹ط´ظˆظ† ط¹ظ†ط¯ ظ‚ظˆظ„ ط§ظ„ط­ظ‚ ط£ظˆ ط³ظ…ط§ط¹ظ‡ .ظˆظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ط؛ط±ظٹط¨ ط£ظ†ظƒ طھط¬ط¯ظ‡ظ… ظپظٹ ظƒظ„ ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط§ظ‚ط¹ طھظ‚ط±ظٹط¨ط§ ظٹطھظ„ظˆظ†ظˆظ† ط¨ظ„ظˆظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆظ‚ط¹ ط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ظٹظƒطھط¨ظˆظ† ظپظٹظ‡ ظˆط¹ظ†ظ‡ ظ„ط£ط³ظٹط§ط¯ظ‡ظ… ظپطھط±ط§ظ‡ظ… ظپط¬ط£ط© ط§ظ†ظ‚ظ„ط¨ظˆط§ ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ط¹ط§ط±ط¶ط© ط§ظ„طھظ…ط«ظٹظ„ظٹط© ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ط¯ظپط§ط¹ ط¹ظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ط³طھط¨ط¯ظٹظ† ظˆطھط¨ط±ظٹط± ط£ط®ط·ط§ط،ظ‡ظ…. ظˆط¹ظˆط¯ط© ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ظ…ظˆط¶ظˆط¹ ط§ظ„ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ ظˆط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ط±ظƒط² ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ظˆط°ط© ط§ظ„ط¯ظٹظ†ظٹط© ظˆط§ظ„طھظٹ طھظ†ظ‚ظ„ط¨ ظپظٹ ط¨ط¹ط¶ ط§ظ„ط£ط­ظٹط§ظ† ظ„طھطµط¨ط­ ط³ظٹط§ط³ظٹط© ظˆظپظٹ ط£ط­ظٹط§ظ† ط£ط®ط±ظ‰ طھط®طھط±ط¹ ظپظٹ ط¯ظٹظ† ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ظ…ط§ ظ„ظٹط³ ظپظٹظ‡ ..

ظ‚ظٹظ„ ظپظٹ ظ‡ط°ط§ ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆظ‚ط¹:

ظƒظ…ط§ طھط¬ط§ظ‡ظ„ظˆط§ ظ‡ط¬ظˆظ… ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ط§ظ„ظƒط±ظٹظ… ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط§طھط®ط§ط° ط§ظ„ظ…ط´ط±ظƒظٹظ† ظ„ط£ظˆظ„ظٹط§ط، ظ…ظ‚ط¯ط³ط© ط¨ط²ط¹ظ… ط£ظ†ظ‡ط§ طھظ‚ط±ط¨ظ‡ظ… ظ„ظ„ظ‡ طھط¹ط§ظ„ظ‰ ط²ظ„ظپظ‰ ظˆظٹط¹طھظ‚ط¯ظˆظ† ظپظٹظ‡ط§ ط§ظ„ظ†ظپط¹ ظˆط§ظ„ط¶ط±ط± ظˆط§ظ„ط´ظپط§ط¹ط© ظˆط§ظ„ط­ظٹط§ط© ط§ظ„ط£ط¨ط¯ظٹط© ظپظ‰ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط¨ظˆط± طŒ ظˆظ‡ظˆ ط¨ط§ظ„ط¶ط¨ط· ظ…ط§ ظƒط§ظ† ظٹظپط¹ظ„ظ‡ ط¹ط±ط¨ ط§ظ„ط¬ط§ظ‡ظ„ظٹط© ظˆظ†ط¯ط¯ ط¨ظ‡ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ط«ظ… ط¹ط§ط¯ ط§ظ„ظ…ط³ظ„ظ…ظˆظ† ط§ظ„ظٹظ‡ طھط­طھ ط¹ط¨ط§ط،ط© ط§ظ„طھطµظˆظپ ط§ظ„ط³ظ†ظ‰ ظ€ ظˆظ„ط§ ظٹط²ط§ظ„ظˆظ† ظٹظپط¹ظ„ظˆظ†.

ظ‡ط°ط§ ظƒظ„ط§ظ… ط؛ط±ظٹط¨ ظٹط°ظƒط±ظ†ظٹ ط¨ظƒظ„ط§ظ… ط§ظ„ظˆظ‡ط§ط¨ظٹظٹظ†. ط¹ط¨ط¯ ط§ظ„ظˆظ‡ط§ط¨ ط§ط®ط° ط¨ط¹ط¯ ط§ظ„ط§ظٹط§طھ ظپظٹ ط³ظˆط±ط© ط§ظ„ط¹ظ†ظƒط¨ظˆطھ ظˆ ظ‚ط§ظ„ ط§ظ† ط¹ط±ط¨ ظ‚ط±ظٹط´ ظƒط§ظ† ظٹط¤ظ…ط¨ظˆظ† "ط¨ط§ظ„طھظˆط­ظٹط¯ ط§ظ„ط§ظ„ظˆظ‡ظٹط©" ظˆ ظ„ظƒظ†ظ‡ظ… ظƒط§ظ†ظˆط§ ظ…ط´ط±ظƒظٹظ† ظ„ط§ظ†ظ‡ظ… ظ…ط§ط±ط³ظˆط§ ط§ظ„طھظˆط³ظ„. ط§ظٹ ط¯ظٹط§ظ†ط© ظ…ط´ط±ظƒط© ظپظٹ طھط§ط±ظٹط® ط§ظ„ط¨ط´ط±ظٹط© طھط¤ظ…ظ† ط¨ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ط§ظ„ظˆط§ط­ط¯. ظˆ ظ„ط§ ط§ط¹ط±ظپ ظ…ط§ ط¯ط®ظ„ ط§ظ„ط´ط±ظƒ ط¨ط§ظ„طھظˆط³ظ„. ظ‡ط°ط§ ظ‚ط±ط§ط،ط© ط®ط§ط·ط¦ط© ظ„ط¯ظٹط§ظ†ط© ظ‚ط±ظٹط´.

Reza Aslan-No God but God



In contrast, paganism among the sedentary societies of Arabia had developed from its earlier and simpler manifestations into a complex form of neo-animism, providing a host of divine and semi-divine intermediaries who stood between the creator god and his creation. This creator god was called Allah, which is not a proper name but a contraction of the word al-ilah, meaning simply "the god." Like his Greek counterpart, Zeus, Allah was originally an ancient rain/sky deity who had been elevated into the role of the supreme god of the pre-Islamic Arabs. Though a powerful deity to swear by, Allah\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s eminent status in the Arab pantheon rendered him, like most High Gods, beyond the supplications of ordinary people. Only in times of great peril would anyone bother consulting him. Otherwise, it was far more expedient to turn to the lesser, more accessible gods who acted as Allah\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s intercessors, the most powerful of whom were his three daughters, Allat ("the goddess"), al-Uzza ("the mighty"), and Manat (the goddess of fate, whose name is probably derived from the Hebrew word mana, meaning "portion" or "share"). These divine mediators were not only represented in the Kaaba, they had their own individual shrines throughout the Arabian Peninsula: Allat in the city of Ta\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'if;



al-Uzza in Nakhlah; and Manat in Qudayd. It was to them that the Arabs prayed when they needed rain, when their children were ill, when they entered into battle or embarked on a journey deep into the treacherous desert abodes of the Jinn-those intelligent, imperceptible, and salvable beings made of smokeless flame who are called "genies" in the West and who function as the nymphs and fairies of Arabian mythology.



There were no priests and no pagan scriptures in pre-Islamic Arabia, but that does not mean

.

the gods remained silent. They regularly revealed themselves through the ecstatic utterances of a group of cultic officials known as the Kahins. The Kahins were poets who functioned primarily as soothsayers and who, for a fee, would fall into a trance in which they would reveal divine messages through rhyming couplets. Poets already had an important role in pre-Islamic society as bards, tribal historians, social commentators, dispensers of moral philosophy, and, on occasion, administrators of justice. But the Kahins represented a more spiritual function of the poet. Emerging from every social and economic stratum, and including a number of women, the Kahins interpreted dreams, cleared up crimes, found lost animals, settled disputes, and expounded upon ethics. As with their Pythian counterparts at Delphi, however, the Kahins\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' oracles were vague and deliberately imprecise; it was the supplicant\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s responsibility to figure out what the gods actually meant.



Although considered the link between humanity and the divine, the Kahins did not communicate directly with the gods but rather accessed them through the Jinn and other spirits who were such an integral part of the Jahiliyyah religious experience. Even so, neither the Kahins, nor anyone else for that matter, had access to Allah. In fact, the god who had created the heavens and the earth, who had fashioned human beings in his own image, was the only god in the whole of the Hijaz not represented by an idol in the Kaaba. Although called "the King of the Gods" and "the Lord of the House," Allah was not the central deity in the Kaaba. That honor belonged to Hubal, the Syrian god who had been brought to Mecca centuries before the rise of Islam.



Despite Allah\\\'s minimal role in the religious cult of pre-Islamic Arabia, his eminent position in the Arab pantheon is a clear indication of just how far paganism in the Arabian Peninsula had evolved from its simple animistic roots. Perhaps the most striking example of this development can be seen in the processional chant that tradition claims the pilgrims sang as they approached the Kaaba:



Here I am, O Allah, here I am.



You have no partner,



Except such a partner as you have.



You possess him and all that is his.



This remarkable proclamation, with its obvious resemblance to the Muslim profession of faith-"There is no god but God"-may reveal the earliest traces in pre-Islamic Arabia of what the German philologist Max Muller termed henotheism: the belief in a single High God, without necessarily rejecting the existence of other, subordinate gods. The earliest evidence of henotheism in Arabia can be traced back to a tribe called the Amir, who lived near modern-day Yemen in the second century B.C.E., and who worshipped a High God they called dhu-Samawi, "The Lord of the Heavens." While the details of the Amirs\\\' religion have been lost to history, most scholars are convinced that by the sixth century C.E., henotheism had become the standard belief of the vast majority of sedentary Arabs, who not only accepted Allah as their High God, but insisted that he was the same god as Yahweh, the god of the Jews

91 ظ…ظژط§ ط§طھظ‘ظژط®ظژط°ظژ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‘ظژظ‡ظڈ ظ…ظگظ† ظˆظژظ„ظژط¯ظچ ظˆظژظ…ظژط§ ظƒظژط§ظ†ظژ ظ…ظژط¹ظژظ‡ظڈ ظ…ظگظ†ظ’ ط¥ظگظ„ظژظ€ٰظ‡ظچ ۚ ط¥ظگط°ظ‹ط§ ظ„ظ‘ظژط°ظژظ‡ظژط¨ظژ ظƒظڈظ„ظ‘ظڈ ط¥ظگظ„ظژظ€ٰظ‡ظچ ط¨ظگظ…ظژط§ ط®ظژظ„ظژظ‚ظژ ظˆظژظ„ظژط¹ظژظ„ظژط§ ط¨ظژط¹ظ’ط¶ظڈظ‡ظڈظ…ظ’ ط¹ظژظ„ظژظ‰ٰ ط¨ظژط¹ظ’ط¶ظچ ۚ ط³ظڈط¨ظ’ط­ظژط§ظ†ظژ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‘ظژظ‡ظگ ط¹ظژظ…ظ‘ظژط§ ظٹظژطµظگظپظڈظˆظ†ظژ  "ط§ظ„ظ…ط¤ظ†ظˆظ†"

ظ‡ط°ط§ طھط§ظƒظٹط¯ ظ‚ط±ط§ظ†ظٹ ط§ظ† ط§ظ„ط¹ط±ط¨ ظƒط§ظ†ظˆط§ ظٹط¤ظ…ظ†ظˆظ† ط¨ط§ظ„ظ‡ط© ظ…طھط¹ط¯ط¯ط©

248 ظˆظژظ‚ظژط§ظ„ظژ ظ„ظژظ‡ظڈظ…ظ’ ظ†ظژط¨ظگظٹظ‘ظڈظ‡ظڈظ…ظ’ ط¥ظگظ†ظ‘ظژ ط¢ظٹظژط©ظژ ظ…ظڈظ„ظ’ظƒظگظ‡ظگ ط£ظژظ† ظٹظژط£ظ’طھظگظٹظژظƒظڈظ…ظڈ ط§ظ„طھظ‘ظژط§ط¨ظڈظˆطھظڈ ظپظگظٹظ‡ظگ ط³ظژظƒظگظٹظ†ظژط©ظŒ ظ…ظگظ‘ظ† ط±ظ‘ظژط¨ظگظ‘ظƒظڈظ…ظ’ ظˆظژط¨ظژظ‚ظگظٹظ‘ظژط©ظŒ ظ…ظگظ‘ظ…ظ‘ظژط§ طھظژط±ظژظƒظژ ط¢ظ„ظڈ ظ…ظڈظˆط³ظژظ‰ٰ ظˆظژط¢ظ„ظڈ ظ‡ظژط§ط±ظڈظˆظ†ظژ طھظژط­ظ’ظ…ظگظ„ظڈظ‡ظڈ ط§ظ„ظ’ظ…ظژظ„ظژط§ط¦ظگظƒظژط©ظڈ ۚ ط¥ظگظ†ظ‘ظژ ظپظگظٹ ط°ظژ‌ٰظ„ظگظƒظژ ظ„ظژط¢ظٹظژط©ظ‹ ظ„ظ‘ظژظƒظڈظ…ظ’ ط¥ظگظ† ظƒظڈظ†طھظڈظ… ظ…ظ‘ظڈط¤ظ’ظ…ظگظ†ظگظٹظ†ظژ " ط§ظ„ط¨ظ‚ط±ط©"

ط§ظ†ط§ ط§ظپط³ط± ظ‡ط°ط§ ط¨ط§ظ„طھظˆط³ظ„

ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ظˆط°ط© ظˆط§ظ„ط¹ظ„ط§ط¬ ط¨ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ظ…طµط§ط¯ط± ط§ظ„ظ‡ط§ظ…ط© ط¬ط¯ط§ ط§ظ„طھظٹ ظٹط±طھط²ظ‚ ظ…ظ†ظ‡ط§ ظ…ط´ط§ظٹط® ظ‡ط°ط§ ط§ظ„ط¹طµط± ط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ظٹظ‡ط§ط¬ظ…ظˆظ† ظˆظٹظƒظپط±ظˆظ† ظƒظ„ ط´ظٹط، ظٹط®ط§ظ„ظپ ظپظ‡ظ…ظ‡ظ… ظ„ظ„ط¯ظٹظ† ظˆظٹط®ط§ظ„ظپ ظˆط¬ظ‡ط© ظ†ط¸ط±ظ‡ظ… طŒ ظˆط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط³ط¨ظٹظ„ ط§ظ„ظ…ط«ط§ظ„ ط§ظ„ط´ظٹط® ظٹظˆط³ظپ ط§ظ„ط¨ط¯ط±ظ‰ ط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ظƒط±ط³ ط­ظٹط§طھظ‡ ظ„ط±ظپط¹ ط¯ط¹ط§ظˆظ‰ ظ‚ط¶ط§ط¦ظٹط© ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظƒظ„ ظ…ظ† ظ‡ط¨ ظˆط¯ط¨ ظ…ط·ط§ظ„ط¨ط§ ط¨ط­ط¨ط³ظ‡ ط£ظˆ ط¬ظ„ط¯ظ‡ ط§ظˆ ظ‚طھظ„ظ‡ ط¨ط­ط¯ ط§ظ„ط±ط¯ط© ظٹط±طھط²ظ‚ ظ…ظ† ظ‡ط°ط§ ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط¶ظˆط¹ ط­ظٹط« ظٹط¯ط¹ظ‰ ط£ظ†ظ‡ ظٹط¹ط§ظ„ط¬ ط¨ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ظˆظٹظ‚ظٹظ… ط¬ظ„ط³ط§طھ ط±ظ‚ظٹط§ ط´ط±ط¹ظٹط© ظˆطھظƒظ„ظپط© ط§ظ„ط¬ظ„ط³ط© ظپظٹ ظ…ظƒطھط¨ظ‡ 700 ط¬ظ†ظٹظ‡ ظپظ‚ط· طŒ ظˆط£ظ…ط§ ظ„ظˆ ط°ظ‡ط¨ ظ„ط¨ظٹطھ ط§ظ„ظ…ط±ظٹط¶ طھظƒظˆظ† ط§ظ„طھظƒظ„ظپط© 800 ط¬ظ†ظٹظ‡ ط´ظٹط، ط¬ظ…ظٹظ„ ظˆظ…ط±ط¨ط­ ظˆظٹط³طھط­ظ‚ ظ…ظ† طµط§ط­ط¨ظ‡ ط§ظ† ظٹظƒظپط± ظƒظ„ ظ…ظ† ظٹط¹ظ…ظ„ ط¹ظ‚ظ„ظ‡ ظˆظٹط­ط§ظˆظ„ ظ‡ط¯ظ… ظ‡ط°ظ‡ ط§ظ„ظ…ط´ط§ط±ظٹط¹ ط§ظ„ظ…ط±ط¨ط­ط© طŒ ظ‡ط°ط§ ظ…ظ† ظ†ط§ط­ظٹط© ط§ظ„ظ…ط´ط§ظٹط® ظˆظ…ظ† ظ†ط§ط­ظٹط© ط§ظ„ط£ظپط±ط§ط¯ ظˆظ…ظ† ظٹطھظˆظ‡ظ…ظˆظ† ط£ظ† ط§ظ„ط¨ط´ط± ظٹظ†ظپط¹ ظˆظٹط¶ط± ظ…ط±ط¬ط¹ ظ‡ط°ط§ ظ„ظ„ط¹ظ‚ظ„ ظˆظ„ط¯ط±ط¬ط© ط§ظ„ط¥ظٹظ…ط§ظ† ط¨ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ط¬ظ„ ظˆط¹ظ„ط§ ط­ظٹط« ظٹظ„ط¬ط£ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط³ط¨ظٹظ„ ط§ظ„ظ…ط«ط§ظ„ ط±ط¬ظ„ ط§ظˆ ط§ظ…ط±ط£ط© ظ…ظ† ط£طµط­ط§ط¨ ط§ظ„ط¹ظ„ظ„ ط£ظˆ ظ…ظ…ظ† ظ„ظ… ظٹظƒطھط¨ ظ„ظ‡ظ… ط§ظ„ط§ظ†ط¬ط§ط¨ ظ„ظ‡ط°ظ‡ ط§ظ„ط·ط±ظ‚ ظ„ظ„ط­طµظˆظ„ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط£ط¨ظ†ط§ط، ط£ظˆ ظ„ظ„ط´ظپط§ط، ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ط±ط¶ ظˆظ„ظˆ ط£ظ† ظ‡ط¤ظ„ط§ط، ظ„ط¯ظٹظ‡ظ… ط¥ظٹظ…ط§ظ† ظ‚ظˆظ‰ ط¨ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ط³ط¨ط­ط§ظ†ظ‡ ظˆطھط¹ط§ظ„ظ‰ ظˆط£ظ†ظ‡ ظ‡ظˆ ظ…ظ† ظٹط´ظپظٹ ظˆظٹظ†ظپط¹ ط£ظˆ ظٹط¶ط± ظ„ظ…ط§ ط°ظ‡ط¨ظˆط§ ظ„ظ…ط«ظ„ ظ‡ط¤ظ„ط§ط، ط§ظ„ظ…ط´ط¹ظˆط°ظˆظ† ط§ظ„ط¯ط¬ط§ظ„ظˆظ† ..

ط§ظ„ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„ ط؛ظ†ظٹ ظˆط«ط±ظٹ ط¨ط§ظ„ط¹ط¯ظٹط¯ ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ظ†ظ…ط§ط°ط¬ ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط«ظ‚ط© ظ…ظ† ظƒطھط¨ ط§ظ„طھط§ط±ظٹط® ط§ظ„ظ…طµط±ظٹ  ظ„ظ„ط¹ظ„ط§ط¬  ظˆط§ظ„طھط¯ط§ظˆظٹ ط¨ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ظˆط°ط© ظˆط§ظ„ط®ط±ط§ظپط§طھ ط§ظ„ط¯ظٹظ†ظٹط© ظ„ط°ظ„ظƒ ظ†ط´ظƒط± ط§ظ„ط¯ظƒطھظˆط± ط£ط­ظ…ط¯ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط°ظ„ظƒ ط§ظ„ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„  ظˆط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ‡ط°ظ‡ ط§ظ„ط£ظ…ط³ظٹط© ط§ظ„ط¹ط§ظ…ط±ط© ط§ظ„ظ…ط¹ظ„ظˆظ…ط§طھ ط¹ظ† ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ظˆط°ط© ظˆط§ظ„ط®ط±ط§ظپطھ ط§ظ„ط¯ظٹظ†ظٹط© ط§ظ„طھظٹ  طھط¯ط§ظˆظ‰ ط¨ظ‡ط§ ط§ظ„ظ…طµط±ظٹظˆظ† ظ‚ط¯ظٹظ…ط§ طŒ ظˆظ…ط¹ ط¥ط±طھظپط§ط¹ ط³ط¹ط± ط§ظ„ط¯ظˆط§ط، ظپظٹ ظ…طµط± ظˆط¹ط¯ظ… ط§ظ„ظ‚ط¯ط±ط© ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط´ط±ط§ط¦ظ‡ طŒ ظˆظ„ط¶ط¹ظپ ظ…ظپط¹ظˆظ„ظ‡ ط¨ط³ط¨ط¨ ط§ظ„ط؛ط´ ط§ظ„طھط¬ط§ط±ظٹ ظˆط§ظ„ط¹ظ„ظ…ظٹ طŒ ظˆطھظˆط§ط·ط¤ ط£ط¬ظ‡ط²ط© ط§ظ„ط±ظ‚ط§ط¨ط©  ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ط¯ظˆط§ط، ظ…ط¹ ط´ط±ظƒط§طھ ط§ظ„ط£ط¯ظˆظٹط© ظ†ط¸ظٹط± ظ„ظ…ظƒط§ط³ط¨ ظ…ط§ط¯ظٹط© طŒ ظپظ‚ط¯ ط§ظ„ظ…طµط±ظٹظˆظ† ط§ظ„ط«ظ‚ط© ظپظٹ ظƒط«ظٹط± ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ط¯ظˆط§ط، ط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ظٹط؛ظ„ظپ ظپظٹ ظ…طµط± ظپظ‚ط· ط¨ط¹ط¯ ظپظ‚ط¯ظ‡ ظ„ظ„ظ…ظˆط§طµظپط§طھ ط§ظ„ط¹ط§ظ„ظ…ظٹط© . ظ„ط¬ط£ ط§ظ„ظ…طµط±ظٹظˆظ† ظ„ظ„طھط¯ط§ظˆظٹ ط¨ط§ظ„ط­ط¬ط§ط¨ ظˆط§ظ„ط­ط¬ط§ظ…ط© طŒ  ظˆط§ظ„ظ…طµط±ظٹظˆظ† ظ…ط´ظ‡ظˆط±ظˆظ† ط¨ط®ظپط© ط§ظ„ط¸ظ„ ظˆط±ظˆط­ ط§ظ„ط¯ط¹ط§ط¨ط© ظˆط¥ط·ظ„ط§ظ‚ ط§ظ„ظپظƒط§ظ‡ط§طھ ظپظٹ ط¬ظ…ظٹط¹ ظ…ط§ ظٹط¤ظ„ظ…ظ‡ظ… ظˆظ…ظ† ط°ظ„ظƒ ط£ظ† ط³ظٹط¯ط© ظ…طµط±ظٹط© ظ„ط¯ظٹظ‡ط§ ط·ظپظ„  ط£طµظٹط¨ ط¨ظ…ط§ ظٹط¹ط±ظپ " ط¬ط±ظٹط§ظ† ط§ظ„ظ„ط¹ط§ط¨ "  ط£ظˆ ط§ظ„ط±ظٹط§ظ„ط© ..  ظˆط·ط¨ط¹ط§ ط·ط§ظپطھ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظƒط«ظٹط± ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ط£ط·ط¨ط§ط، ظˆظˆطµظپظˆط§ ظ„ظ‡ط§ ط§ظ„ظƒط«ظٹط± ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ط£ط¯ظˆظٹط© ط§ظ„ظ…ط؛ظ„ظپط© ظپظٹ ظ…طµط± ظˆط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ظ…ط¹ط© ظپظٹظ‡ط§ طŒ ظˆظ„ظ… طھظپظ„ط­ ظˆطµظپط§ظ†ظ‡ظ… ط§ظ„ط·ط¨ظٹط© ظˆظ„ط§ ط±ظˆط´طھطھط§طھظ‡ظ… ظپظٹ ط¹ظ„ط§ط¬ ط§ظ„ط·ظپظ„ طŒ  ظˆط£ط®ظٹط±ط§ ظ„ط¬ط£طھ ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ط£ط­ط¯ ط§ظ„ط´ظٹظˆط® ط§ظ„ظ…ط¹ط§ظ„ط¬ظٹظ† ط¨ط§ظ„ط­ط¬ط§ط¨ طŒ ظپظ‚ط§ظ… ط¨طµظ†ط¹ ط­ط¬ط§ط¨ ظˆط·ظ„ط¨ ظ…ظ† ط£ظ… ط§ظ„ط·ظپظ„ ط£ظ† طھط¶ط¹ ط§ظ„ط­ط¬ط§ط¨ طھط­طھ ط±ط£ط³ ط§ظ„ط·ظپظ„ ظˆطھط­طھ ظˆط³ط§ط¯طھظ‡ ظˆظ‡ظˆ ظ†ط§ط¦ظ… طŒ ظˆط¨ط§ظ„ظپط¹ظ„ ظپظٹ ظ…ط¯ط© ظˆط¬ظٹط²ط© ط¬ط¯ط§ طھظˆظ‚ظپ ظ„ط¹ط§ط¨ ط§ظ„ط·ظپظ„ ظˆطھظˆظ‚ظپطھ ط§ظ„ط±ظٹط§ظ„ط© , ظپط°ظ‡ط¨طھ ط§ظ„ط£ظ… ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ط´ظٹط®  ظˆظ‚ط¯ظ…طھ ظ„ظ‡ ط§ظ„ظ‡ط¯ظٹط© ط£ظˆ ط§ظ„ط­ظ„ط§ظˆط© طŒ ظˆط·ظ„ط¨طھ ظ…ظ†ظ‡ ط£ظ† ظٹط®ط¨ط±ظ‡ط§ ط¨ظ…ط­طھظˆظ‰ ط§ظ„ط­ط¬ط§ط¨ ط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ظ„ظ‡ ظƒظ„ ظ‡ط°ط§ ط§ظ„ظ…ظپط¹ظˆظ„ طŒ ظپظ‚ط§ظ„ ظ„ظ‡ط§ ط§ظ„ط´ظٹط® " ط¥ظپطھط­ظٹ ط§ظ„ط­ط¬ط§ط¨ ظˆط¥ظ†طھظٹ طھط¹ط±ظپظٹ" ظˆط¨ط§ظ„ظپط¹ظ„ ظپطھط­طھ ط§ظ„ط£ظ… ط§ظ„ط­ط¬ط§ط¨  ظپظ…ط§ط°ط§ ظˆط¬ط¯طھ ط§ظ„ط£ظ… طںطںطں طµظˆط±ط© ظپطھظˆط¬ط±ط§ظپظٹط©  ظ„ظ…ظ† طںطں ط¥ظ†ظ‡ط§ ظ„ظ„ط±ط§ط³ ط§ظ„ظƒط¨ظٹط±ط© طŒ ظپطھط¹ط¬ط¨طھ ط§ظ„ط£ظ…  ظپظ‚ط§ظ„ ظ„ظ‡ط§ ط§ظ„ط´ظٹط® ط§ظ„ظ…ط¹ط§ظ„ط¬ ظ„ط§ طھط¹ط¬ط¨ظٹ " ظ‡ظˆ ظ†ط´ظپ ط±ظٹظ‚ ط«ظ…ط§ظ†ظٹظ† ظ…ظ„ظٹظˆظ†  ظ…ط´ ط­ظٹظ‚ط¯ط± ظٹظ†ط´ظپ ط±ظٹظ‚ ط¥ط¨ظ†ظƒ " طںطں!

طµط¯ظ‚طھ ظˆ طµط¯ظ‚ ط§ظ„ظ…طھظ†ط¨ظٹ ط­ظٹظ†ظ…ط§ ظ‚ط§ظ„

ط§ط؛ط§ظٹط© ط§ظ„ط¯ظٹظ† ط§ظ† طھط­ظپظˆط§ ط´ظˆط§ط±ط¨ظƒظ…            ظٹط§ ط§ظ…ط© ط¶ط­ظƒطھ ظ…ظ† ط¬ظ‡ظ„ظ‡ط§ ط§ظ„ط§ظ…ظ…

(ظˆظ„ط°ظ„ظƒ ظپط¥ظ† ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ط§ظ„ط¹ط¸ظٹظ… ظ‚ط¯ طھط­ظˆظ„ ظپظٹ ط£ظٹط¯ظٹظ‡ظ… ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ظ…ط¬ط±ط¯ طھط¹ط§ظˆظٹط° ظ„ظ„ط¯ط¬ظ„ طŒ ظˆط§ط³طھظ…ط± ط°ظ„ظƒ ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ط¹طµط± ظ‚ط±ظٹط¨طŒ ظپط§ظ„ط£ط³طھط§ط° ط£ط­ظ…ط¯ ط£ظ…ظٹظ† ظٹظ‚ظˆظ„ ظپظٹ" ظ‚ط§ظ…ظˆط³ ط§ظ„ط¹ط§ط¯ط§طھ ظˆط§ظ„طھظ‚ط§ظ„ظٹط¯" ط£ظ† ط§ظ„ظ…طµط±ظٹظٹظ† ظٹط¹طھظ‚ط¯ظˆظ† ط£ظ† ط³ظˆط± ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ظˆط¢ظٹط§طھظ‡ ظ„ظٹط³طھ ظ„ظ„ط¯ط¹ظˆط© ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ظ„ط§ظ…ظٹط©طŒ ظˆظ„ظƒظ† ظ„ظƒظ„ ط³ظˆط±ط© ط®ظˆط§طµطŒ ظƒط§ظ„ط´ظپط§ط، ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ط£ظ…ط±ط§ط¶ ظˆط§ظ„ط³ط¹ط§ط¯ط© ظˆظ…ظˆط§ط¬ظ‡ط© ط§ظ„ط­ظƒط§ظ… .. ظˆظƒط§ظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ظپظƒط± ط§ظ„ط¹ط¸ظٹظ… ظٹطµظپ ط£ط­ظˆط§ظ„ ط§ظ„ط¹ظˆط§ظ… ظˆط§ظ„ط·ط¨ظ‚ط§طھ ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ط¨ظٹط© ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ظ†طµظپ ط§ظ„ط£ظˆظ„ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ظ† ط§ظ„ط¹ط´ط±ظٹظ†طŒ ظˆظ„ظ… ظٹط¹ط´ ط¹طµط±ظ†ط§طŒ ط­ظٹظ† ط§ظ†طھط´ط± ط§ظ„ط§ط­طھط±ط§ظپ ط§ظ„ط¯ظٹظ†ظٹ ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ط¯ط±ط¬ط© ط§ظپطھطھط§ط­ ط¹ظٹط§ط¯ط§طھ ظ„ظ„ط¯ط¬ظ„ ط¨ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ط§ظ„ظƒط±ظٹظ…طŒ ظˆط¨ظƒظˆظ† ط±ظˆط§ط¯ظ‡ط§ ظˆط²ط¨ط§ط¦ظ†ظ‡ط§ ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ط«ظ‚ظپظٹظ†..)

ظ‡ظ†ط§ظƒ ط±ط¯ط© ظپظƒط±ظٹط© طھط¹ظˆط¯ ط¨ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬طھظ…ط¹ ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ط®ظ„ظپ . ظˆظ‡ظ†ط§ظƒ ظ…ظ† ظٹط±ظٹط¯ ظ„ظ„ظ…ط¬طھظ…ط¹ ط£ظ† ظٹط¸ظ„ ظپظٹ ظ‡ط°ظ‡ ط§ظ„ط±ط¯ط© طŒ ظپظٹ ط²ظ…ظ† ظٹط¹ظ†ظٹ ط§ظ„طھظˆظ‚ظپ ظپظٹظ‡ طھط®ظ„ظپ ط¹ظ† ط±ظƒط¨ ط§ظ„ط­ط¶ط§ط±ط© طŒظپظ…ط§ ط¨ط§ظ„ظƒ ط¨ط£ظ†ط§ط³ ظ„ط§ ظٹطھط®ظ„ظپظˆظ† ظپط­ط³ط¨ ط¨ظ„ ظٹط±طھط¯ظˆظ† ط¥ظ„ظ‰ ظ‚ط±ظˆظ† ظ…ط¶طھ ط؛ظٹط± ظ…ط¨ط§ظ„ظٹط© ط¨ط§ظ„طھط±ط§ط« ط§ظ„ط¹ظ„ظ…ظٹ ط£ظˆ ط§ظ„ط«ظ‚ط§ظپظٹ طŒ ظپظ‚ط¯طھ ظ‚ط¯ط±طھظ‡ط§ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ط¹ظ…ظ„ ظˆ ط§ظ„ط¥ط¨ط¯ط§ط¹ ظپظ„ط¬ط£طھ ظ„ط­ظ„ ظ…ط´ظƒظ„ط§طھظ‡ط§ ط¥ظ…ط§ ط¹ظ† ط·ط±ظٹظ‚ ط§ظ„طھظ†ط¬ظٹظ… ظˆظ…ط¹ط±ظپط© ط§ظ„ط·ط§ظ„ط¹ ظˆط¥ظ…ط§ ط¨ط§ظ„طھظ…ط§ط¦ظ… ظˆط§ظ„ط£ط­ط¬ظٹط©  ظƒظ„ظ‡ط§ ط¯ظ„ط§ظ„ط© ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظپظ‚ط¯ ط§ظ„ط«ظ‚ط© ظˆط§ظ„طھط®ط¨ط· ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط؛ظٹط± ظ‡ط¯ظ‰ .

ط¶ظ…ظ† ط³ظٹط§ظ‚ ظ…ظ‚ط§ظ„طھظƒظ… ظ„ط¯ظٹ ط¨ط¹ط¶ ط§ظ„ط£ط³ط¦ظ„ط© ط¨ط®طµظˆطµ ط§ظ„طھط¨ط±ظƒ ط¨ط¢ط«ط§ط± ط§ظ„طµط§ظ„ط­ظٹظ† ظˆ ط§ظ„ط£ظ†ط¨ظٹط§ط، ظ…ط«ظ„ ط´ط¹ط±ظ‡ظ… ظˆ ظ‚ط·ط¹ ظ…ظ† ظ…ظ„ط§ط¨ط³ظ‡ظ… ظˆ ط£ط­ط°ظٹطھظ‡ظ… ظˆ ظ‚ط¯ ط­ط§ظˆط±طھ ط¨ط¹ط¶ ظ…ظ† ظٹط¤ظ…ظ† ط¨ط°ظ„ظƒ ظˆ ظ‚ط¯ ط±ط¯ظˆط§ ط¹ظ„ظٹ ط¨ط¢ظٹط§طھ ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ†ظٹط© ظٹط²ط¹ظ…ظˆظ† ط£ظ†ظ‡ط§ طھط¬ظٹط² ط§ظ„طھط¨ط±ظƒ ط¨ظ‡ط°ظ‡ ط§ظ„ط¢ط«ط§ط±.... ظ…ط«ظ„ط§ظ‹:



{ظˆظ‚ط§ظ„ ظ„ظ‡ظ… ظ†ط¨ظٹظ‡ظ… ط§ظ† ط§ظٹط© ظ…ظ„ظƒظ‡ ط§ظ† ظٹط§طھظٹظƒظ… ط§ظ„طھط§ط¨ظˆطھ ظپظٹظ‡ ط³ظƒظٹظ†ط© ظ…ظ† ط±ط¨ظƒظ… ظˆط¨ظ‚ظٹط© ظ…ظ…ط§ طھط±ظƒ ط§ظ„ ظ…ظˆط³ظ‰ ظˆط§ظ„ ظ‡ط§ط±ظˆظ† طھط­ظ…ظ„ظ‡ ط§ظ„ظ…ظ„ط§ط¦ظƒط© ط§ظ† ظپظٹ ط°ظ„ظƒ ظ„ط§ظٹط© ظ„ظƒظ… ط§ظ† ظƒظ†طھظ… ظ…ط¤ظ…ظ†ظٹظ† }



ط­ظٹط« ظٹظ‚ظˆظ„ظˆظ† ط¨ط£ظ† ط§ظ„طھط§ط¨ظˆطھ ظˆظ…ط§ط¯ط§ط®ظ„ظ‡ ظ…ظ† ط¢ط«ط§ط± طھط±ظƒظ‡ط§ ط¢ظ„ ظ…ظˆط³ظ‰ ظˆظ‡ط§ط±ظˆظ† ظپظٹظ‡ط§ ط§ظ„ط³ظƒظٹظ†ط© ظˆ ط§ظ„ط·ظ…ط£ظ†ظٹظ†ط©.



ظˆ ظٹط³طھظ†ط¯ظˆظ† ظƒط°ظ„ظƒ ط¨ظ‚ظˆظ„ظ‡ طھط¹ط§ظ„ظ‰ {ظ‚ط§ظ„ ط¨طµط±طھ ط¨ظ…ط§ ظ„ظ… ظٹط¨طµط±ظˆط§ ط¨ظ‡ ظپظ‚ط¨ط¶طھ ظ‚ط¨ط¶ط© ظ…ظ† ط§ط«ط± ط§ظ„ط±ط³ظˆظ„ ظپظ†ط¨ط°طھظ‡ط§ ظˆظƒط°ظ„ظƒ ط³ظˆظ„طھ ظ„ظٹ ظ†ظپط³ظٹ}

ظˆ ظٹط±ظˆظ† ط£ظ† ط§ظ„ظ‚ط¨ط¶ط© ظ…ظ† ط£ط«ط± ط§ظ„ط±ط³ظˆظ„ ظ‚ط¯ ط¬ط¹ظ„طھ ط§ظ„ط¹ط¬ظ„ ط§ظ„طµظ†ظ… ظٹظƒظˆظ† ظ„ظ‡ ط®ظˆط§ط± ظپظ…ط§ط¨ط§ظ„ظƒ ط¨ط§ظ„ط¥ظ†ط³ط§ظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ط®ظ„ظˆظ‚ ظ…ظ† ط±ظˆط­ ظˆط¬ط³ط¯.



ظˆ ظٹط³طھط¯ظ„ظˆظ† ظƒط°ظ„ظƒ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ‚ظˆظ„ظ‡ طھط¹ط§ظ„ظ‰ {ظپظ„ظ…ط§ ط§ظ† ط¬ط§ط، ط§ظ„ط¨ط´ظٹط± ط§ظ„ظ‚ط§ظ‡ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظˆط¬ظ‡ظ‡ ظپط§ط±طھط¯ ط¨طµظٹط±ط§ ظ‚ط§ظ„ ط§ظ„ظ… ط§ظ‚ظ„ ظ„ظƒظ… ط§ظ†ظٹ ط§ط¹ظ„ظ… ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ظ…ط§ ظ„ط§ طھط¹ظ„ظ…ظˆظ† }

ظˆ ظٹط±ظˆظ† ط£ظ† ظ‚ظ…ظٹطµ ظٹظˆط³ظپ ط¹ظ„ظٹظ‡ ط§ظ„طµظ„ط§ط© ظˆط§ظ„ط³ظ„ط§ظ… ظ‚ط¯ ط±ط¯ ط§ظ„ط¨طµط± ط§ظ„ظ‰ ط±ط³ظˆظ„ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ظٹط¹ظ‚ظˆط¨ ظˆ ط¨ط§ظ„طھط§ظ„ظٹ ظپظ‡ظ… ظٹظ‚ظˆظ„ظˆظ† ط£ظ† ط¨ظ‚ط§ظٹط§ ط§ظ„ظ…ظ„ط§ط¨ط³ ظˆ ط§ظ„ط£ط­ط°ظٹظ‡ ظˆ ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ط± ظ„ظ„ط£ظ†ط¨ظٹط§ط، ظˆ ط§ظ„طµط§ظ„ط­ظٹظ† ظپظٹظ‡ ط¨ط±ظƒظ‡.



ظپظ‡ظ„ ط¹ظ†ط¯ظƒظ… ط¥ط¬ط§ط¨ط© ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ظ‡ط°ظ‡ ط§ظ„ط£ط³ط¦ظ„ط© ظٹط§ط¯ظƒطھظˆط±ظ†ط§ ط§ظ„ط¹ط²ظٹط².طں

ظˆ ظƒظ†طھ ظ‚ط¯ ط±ط¯ظٹطھ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط£ط­ط¯ظ‡ظ… ظ…ظ…ظ† ظٹط¤ظ…ظ† ط¨ط¬ظˆط§ط² ط§ظ„طھط¨ط±ظƒ ط¨ط§ظ„ط¢ط«ط§ط± ظˆ ط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ط³ط£ظ„ ط§ظ„ط³ط¤ط§ظ„ ط§ظ„ط¢طھظٹ:



(ظ…ط§ ظ…ط¹ظ†ظ‰ ظ‡ط°ظ‡ ظƒظ„ظ…ط© "ط§ظ„ظˆط³ظٹظ„ط©" ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ط¢ظٹطھظٹظ† ط¹ظ†ط¯ظƒظ… طں

ظ‚ط§ظ„ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ طھط¹ط§ظ„ظ‰:(ظٹظژط§ط£ظژظٹظ‘ظڈظ‡ظژط§ ط§ظ„ظ‘ظژط°ظگظٹظ†ظژ ط¢ظ…ظژظ†ظڈظˆط§ ط§طھظ‘ظژظ‚ظڈظˆط§ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ظژ ظˆظژط§ط¨ظ’طھظژط؛ظڈظˆط§ ط¥ظگظ„ظژظٹظ’ظ‡ظگ ط§ظ„ظ’ظˆظژط³ظگظٹظ„ظژط©ظژ ظˆظژط¬ظژط§ظ‡ظگط¯ظڈظˆط§ ظپظگظٹ ط³ظژط¨ظگظٹظ„ظگظ‡ظگ ظ„ظژط¹ظژظ„ظ‘ظژظƒظڈظ…ظ’ طھظڈظپظ’ظ„ظگط­ظڈظˆظ†ظژ) .

ظ‚ط§ظ„ طھط¹ط§ظ„ظ‰: (ط£ظˆظ„ظژط¦ظگظƒظژ ط§ظ„ظ‘ظژط°ظگظٹظ†ظژ ظٹظژط¯ظ’ط¹ظڈظˆظ†ظژ ظٹظژط¨ظ’طھظژط؛ظڈظˆظ†ظژ ط¥ظگظ„ظژظ‰ ط±ظژط¨ظ‘ظگظ‡ظگظ…ظڈ ط§ظ„ظ’ظˆظژط³ظگظٹظ„ظژط©ظژ ط£ظژظٹظ‘ظڈظ‡ظڈظ…ظ’ ط£ظژظ‚ظ’ط±ظژط¨ظڈ ظˆظژظٹظژط±ظ’ط¬ظڈظˆظ†ظژ ط±ظژط­ظ’ظ…ظژطھظژظ‡ظڈ ظˆظژظٹظژط®ظژط§ظپظڈظˆظ†ظژ ط¹ظژط°ظژط§ط¨ظژظ‡ظڈ ط¥ظگظ†ظ‘ظژ ط¹ظژط°ظژط§ط¨ظژ ط±ظژط¨ظ‘ظگظƒظژ ظƒظژط§ظ†ظژ ظ…ظژط­ظ’ط°ظڈظˆط±ط§ظ‹ ) .

ط§ط­ظ†ط§ ط¹ظ†ط¯ظ†ط§ ظ‡ظٹ ط§ظ„طھظٹ طھط³ظ…ظˆظ†ظ‡ط§ ط´ط±ظƒط§ظ‹ , ظˆط§ط°ط§ ظƒط§ظ† ظ…ط¹ظ†ط§ظƒظ… ظ†ظپط³ ظ…ط¹ظ†ط§ظ†ط§ ظپظ‡ط§طھظˆط§ ط¯ظ„ظٹظ„ط§ظ‹ ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ط¢ظٹط© ظٹط¤ظƒط¯ ط§ظ†ظ‡ط§ ظ„ظ„ط£ط­ظٹط§ط، ظپظ‚ط· ط¯ظˆظ† ط§ظ„ط£ظ…ظˆط§طھ .)



ظˆظƒط§ظ† ط±ط¯ظٹ ط¹ظ„ظٹظ‡:



ط§ظ„ط¬ظˆط§ط¨ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ط¢ظٹط© ط§ظ„ط£ظˆظ„ظ‰ ظˆط§ظ„طھظٹ ظ‡ظٹ:



{ظٹط§ ط§ظٹظ‡ط§ ط§ظ„ط°ظٹظ† ط§ظ…ظ†ظˆط§ ط§طھظ‚ظˆط§ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ظˆط§ط¨طھط؛ظˆط§ ط§ظ„ظٹظ‡ ط§ظ„ظˆط³ظٹظ„ط© ظˆط¬ط§ظ‡ط¯ظˆط§ ظپظٹ ط³ط¨ظٹظ„ظ‡ ظ„ط¹ظ„ظƒظ… طھظپظ„ط­ظˆظ† }

ظˆظ‡ظٹ ط§ظ„ط¢ظٹط© ط±ظ‚ظ… 35 ظ…ظ† ط³ظˆط±ط© ط§ظ„ظ…ط§ط¦ط¯ط©.

ط§ظ„ط¬ظˆط§ط¨ طھط¬ط¯ظ‡ ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ط¢ظٹط© ط§ظ„طھظٹ ط¨ط¹ط¯ظ‡ط§ .

{ط§ظ† ط§ظ„ط°ظٹظ† ظƒظپط±ظˆط§ ظ„ظˆ ط§ظ† ظ„ظ‡ظ… ظ…ط§ ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ط§ط±ط¶ ط¬ظ…ظٹط¹ط§ ظˆظ…ط«ظ„ظ‡ ظ…ط¹ظ‡ ظ„ظٹظپطھط¯ظˆط§ ط¨ظ‡ ظ…ظ† ط¹ط°ط§ط¨ ظٹظˆظ… ط§ظ„ظ‚ظٹط§ظ…ط© ظ…ط§ طھظ‚ط¨ظ„ ظ…ظ†ظ‡ظ… ظˆظ„ظ‡ظ… ط¹ط°ط§ط¨ ط§ظ„ظٹظ…}



ظپط¹ط°ط§ط¨ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ظˆط§ظ‚ط¹ ظ„ط§ظ…ط­ط§ظ„ط© ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط§ظ„ظƒظپط§ط± ظˆظ„ط§ ظ…ط®ط±ط¬ ظ„ظ‡ظ… ظ„ط§ ط¨ظ…ط§ظ„ ظˆظ„ط§ ط¨ظˆظ„ظٹ طµط§ظ„ط­ ظˆظ„ط§ ط­طھظ‰ ط·ط§ظ„ط­.

ط£ظ…ط§ ط§ظ„ط¢ظٹط© ط§ظ„ط£ط®ط±ظ‰ ظˆط§ظ„طھظٹ ظ‡ظٹ :



{ط§ظˆظ„ط¦ظƒ ط§ظ„ط°ظٹظ† ظٹط¯ط¹ظˆظ† ظٹط¨طھط؛ظˆظ† ط§ظ„ظ‰ ط±ط¨ظ‡ظ… ط§ظ„ظˆط³ظٹظ„ط© ط§ظٹظ‡ظ… ط§ظ‚ط±ط¨ ظˆظٹط±ط¬ظˆظ† ط±ط­ظ…طھظ‡ ظˆظٹط®ط§ظپظˆظ† ط¹ط°ط§ط¨ظ‡ ط§ظ† ط¹ط°ط§ط¨ ط±ط¨ظƒ ظƒط§ظ† ظ…ط­ط°ظˆط±ط§ }

ظˆظ‡ظٹ ط§ظ„ط¢ظٹط© ط±ظ‚ظ… 57 ظ…ظ† ط³ظˆط±ط© ط§ظ„ط¥ط³ط±ط§ط،.

ط§ظ„ط¬ظˆط§ط¨ طھط¬ط¯ظ‡ ظپظٹ ط§ظ„ط¢ظٹط© ط§ظ„طھظٹ ظ‚ط¨ظ„ظ‡ط§.

{ظ‚ظ„ ط§ط¯ط¹ظˆط§ ط§ظ„ط°ظٹظ† ط²ط¹ظ…طھظ… ظ…ظ† ط¯ظˆظ†ظ‡ ظپظ„ط§ ظٹظ…ظ„ظƒظˆظ† ظƒط´ظپ ط§ظ„ط¶ط± ط¹ظ†ظƒظ… ظˆظ„ط§ طھط­ظˆظٹظ„ط§ }







ط§ط°ط§ظ‹ ط§ظ„ظˆط³ظٹظ„ط© ظ„ظٹط³طھ ط§ظ„ظˆظ„ظٹ ط£ظˆ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط¯ظٹط³ ط£ظˆ ط§ظ„طµط§ظ„ط­ظٹظ† ظˆظ„ط§ ظٹط¬ظˆط² ط¯ط¹ظˆط© ط؛ظٹط± ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡.





ط¨ط§ظ„ظ†ط³ط¨ط© ظ„ظٹ ظپظ„ط§ ط£ط¯ط¹ظˆ ظˆظ„ط§ ط£طھظˆط³ظ„ ظ„ط؛ظٹط± ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ظˆ ظ‡ط°ط§ ظٹظƒظپظٹظ†ظٹ.



ظˆ ط£ظ†طھ ط¥ط°ط§ ط£ط±ط¯طھ ط£ظ† طھط¯ط¹ظˆ ظˆ طھطھظˆط³ظ„ ظ„ط؛ظٹط± ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ظپظ‡ظٹ ط­ط±ظٹطھظƒ ط§ظ„ط¯ظٹظ†ظٹط© طŒ ظپط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ طھط¹ط§ظ„ظ‰ ط£ط¹ط·ط§ظƒ ط§ظ„ط­ط±ظٹظ‡ ط£ظ† طھط¹ط¨ط¯ظ‡ ط§ظˆ ط£ظ† طھط´ط±ظƒ ط¨ظ‡ .



{ظˆظ‚ظ„ ط§ظ„ط­ظ‚ ظ…ظ† ط±ط¨ظƒظ… ظپظ…ظ† ط´ط§ط، ظپظ„ظٹط¤ظ…ظ† ظˆظ…ظ† ط´ط§ط، ظپظ„ظٹظƒظپط± }





ظˆ ظٹظˆظ… ط§ظ„ظ‚ظٹط§ظ…ط© ط³طھط³طھظ„ظ… ط´ظ‡ط§ط¯طھظƒ ظٹط§ط£ظ…ط§ ط¨ظٹظ…ظٹظ†ظƒ ط£ظˆ ط¨ط´ظ…ط§ظ„ظƒ.





{ظ‚ط¶ظٹ ط§ظ„ط§ظ…ط± ط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ظپظٹظ‡ طھط³طھظپطھظٹط§ظ† }

ط°ظ„ظƒ ظƒط§ظ† ط±ط¯ظٹ ط¹ظ„ظ‰ ط£ط­ط¯ ط§ظ„ط£ط®ظˆط© ط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ظƒط§ظ† ظٹط±ظ‰ ط¨ط£ظ† ط§ظ„ظˆط³ظٹظ„ط© ظ‡ظٹ ط§ظ„ط£ظˆظ„ظٹط§ط، ظˆ ط§ظ„طµط§ظ„ط­ظٹظ† ظˆ ط¢ط«ط§ط±ظ‡ظ… ظˆ ظ‚ط¨ظˆط±ظ‡ظ….

ظ„ط§ ط§ط¹ظ„ظ… ظ…ط§ ط¹ظ„ط§ظ‚ط© ط§ظ„طھظˆط³ظ„ ط¨ط§ظ„ط´ط±ظƒ. ظ„ظˆ ظ‚ظ„ظ† ط§ظ„طھظˆط³ظ„ ط®ط·ط§ ط§ظˆ ط­طھظ‰ ط­ط±ط§ظ…ط§ ظ„ط§ ط§ط¹ط±ظپ ظ…ط§ ط¹ظ„ط§ظ‚طھظ‡ ط¨ط§ظ„ط´ط±ظƒ. ظƒظ†طھ ط§ظ†ط§ ط§ط¤ظ…ظ† ط¨ط´ظٹط، ظ…ظ† ظ‡ط°ط§ ظ„ظ…ط§ ظƒظ†طھ ط´ط§ط¨ط§ ظپظٹ ط§ظ…ط±ظٹظƒط§ ظˆ طھط§ط«ط±طھ ط¨ط§ظ„ظپظƒط± ط§ظ„ظˆظ‡ط§ط¨ظٹ. ظ‚ط§ظ„ظˆط§ ظ„ظٹ ط§ظ† ط§ظ„ط¹ط±ط¨ ظƒط§ظ†ظˆط§ ظٹط¤ظ…ظ†ظˆظ† ط¨ط§ظ† ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ظ‡ظˆ ط§ظ„ظˆط§ط­ط¯ ظˆ ط§ظ„ط®ط§ظ„ظ‚ ظˆ ظ„ظƒظ†ظ‡ظ… ط§ط´ط±ظƒظˆط§ ط¨ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ظ„ط§ظ†ظ‡ظ… ط¯ط¹ظˆط§ ظ…ظ† ط¯ظˆظ† ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‡ ظˆ ط§ط³طھط؛ط§ط«ظˆط§ ط¨ط§ظ„طµط§ظ„ط­ظٹظ† ظˆ ط§ظ„ط§ ط§ط®ط±ظ‡. ظ„ظƒظ† ط§ظ„ط§ظ† ظٹط¨ط¯ظˆط§ ظ„ظٹ ط§ظ† ظ‡ط°ط§ ظ„ظ… ظٹظƒظ† ط¹ظ‚ظٹط¯ط© ظ‚ط±ظٹط´

ط¨ط¹ط¶ ط§ظٹط§طھ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط§ظ† ط¹ظ„ظٹظƒ ط§ظ† طھظƒظˆظ† ظ„ظƒ ط®ط§ظپظٹط© ط¹ظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ط¬ظ…ظˆط¹ط© ط§ظ„طھظٹ طھط®ط§ط·ط¨ظ‡ظ… ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط§ظ†. ظ‡ط°ط§ ظٹط­طھط§ط¬ ط§ظ„ظ‰ ط®ظ„ظپظٹط© ط¹ظ† ط§ظ„طھط±ط§ط« ط§ظ„ظ…ط³ظٹط­ظٹ ظˆ ط§ظ„ظٹظ‡ظˆط¯ظٹ ظˆ ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ظٹط´ظٹ ط§ظ„ط¯ظٹظ†ظٹ ظˆ ط­طھظ‰ ط§ظ„ط«ظ‚ط§ظپظٹ. ط§ظ„ط§ظ†طھط±ظ†طھ ظˆ ط­ط±ظٹط© ط§ظ„ظ…ط¹ظ„ظˆظ…ط§طھ ظˆ ط³ظ‡ظˆظ„ط© طھط¯ط§ظˆظ„ظ‡ط§ ط³ط§ط¹ط¯طھ ظپظٹ ط§ظ†طھط´ط§ط± ظ…ط¹ط±ظپط© ط§ظƒط«ط±. ظˆ ظ„ظƒظ† ط­طھظ‰ ظپظٹ ط´ط¨ط§ط¨ظٹ ظƒظ†طھ ط§ط³ط§ظ„ ظ†ظپط³ظٹ ظ‡ظ„ ط§ظ„ط´ط±ظƒ ظ„ط؛ط²ط§ ظٹظ‚ط¹ ظپظٹظ‡ ط§ظ„ظ†ط§ط³ ظˆ ظ‡ظ… ظ„ط§ ظٹط¹ظ„ظ…ظˆظ† ظˆ ظٹط¹طھظ‚ط¯ظˆظ† ط§ظ†ظ‡ظ… ظ…ظˆط­ط¯ظˆظ†طں ظ‡ظ„ ظ‚ظˆظ… ظ„ظˆط· ظˆ ظ‚ظˆظ… ظ†ظˆط­ ط¹ط¨ط§ظ‚ط±ط© ظ„ط§ظ†ظ‡ظ… ظƒط§ظ†ظˆط§ ظٹط¹ظ„ظ…ظˆظ† ظ…ط¹ظ†ظ‰ ط§ظ„طھظˆط­ظٹط¯ ظپط±ظپط¶ظˆظ‡ط§ ط¨ظٹظ† ط؛ظپظ„ ط¹ظ†ظ‡ 90% ظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ط³ظ„ظ…ظˆظ† ظˆ ظ‡ظ… ظٹطھظ„ظˆظ† ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط§ظ†طں ط£ظ„ط§ظ† ط§ط¯ط±ظƒطھ ط§ظ†ظ‡ط§ ط¨ط±ظˆط¨ظ‚ط§ظ†ط¯ط§(propaganda) 

ط§ظ…ط§ ط§ظ„ط§ظٹط§طھ ط§ظ„طھظٹ طھظƒظ„ظ…طھ ط¹ظ†ظ‡ط§ ظ„ط§ ط§ط¹طھظ‚ط¯ ط§ظ†ظ‡ط§ طھطھظƒظ„ظ… ط¹ظ† ط§ظ„طھظˆط³ظ„. ط±ط¨ظ…ط§ ط§ظٹط© ظٹظˆط³ظپ ط§ط°ط§ ظپط³ط±ظ†ط§ ط¨طµظٹط±ط§ ط¨ط§ظ„ط¹ظٹظ† ظˆ ظ„ظٹط³ ط§ظ„ط¹ظ„ظ… ظ…ظ† ظˆط¬ظˆط¯ ظٹظˆط³ظپ ط¨ط¹ط¯ ط´ظ… ط±ط§ط¦ط­ط© ظ‚ظ…ظٹطµظ‡. ظˆ ظ„ظƒظ† ط§ظ„ط§ظٹط© ط¹ظ† ط§ظ„ ظ…ظˆط³ظ‰ ظˆ ط§ظ„ ظ‡ط§ط±ظˆظ† ط§ظ†ط§ ط§ط¹طھظ‚ط¯ ظ‡ظˆ ط§ظ„طھظˆط³ظ„

ظ†ط´ظƒط± ط¯ظƒطھظˆط±ظ†ط§ ط§ظ„ط¹ط²ظٹط² ط§ظ„ط¯ظƒطھظˆط± ط£ط­ظ…ط¯ ط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ط¢ط«ط± ط·ط±ظ‚ ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط¶ظˆط¹ط§طھ ط§ظ„طھظٹ طھظ†ط¨ظ‡ ط§ظ„ط؛ط§ظپظ„ظٹظ† ظ…ظ† ط؛ظپظ„طھظ‡ظ…  طŒ ظˆظ‡ظƒط°ط§ ظٹظƒظˆظ† ط§ظ„ظ…طµظ„ط­ .... ظˆظ…ظ† ط§ظ„ظ…ظˆط¶ظˆط¹ط§طھ ط§ظ„طھظٹ ط¹ط§ط¯طھ ط¨ظ‚ظˆط© ( ط§ظ„طھط¯ط§ظˆظٹ ط¨ط§ظ„ط´ط¹ظˆط°ط© ) ظˆط¨ظ… ط£ظ†ظ‡ط§  ظ…ط®ط§ظ„ظپط© ظ„ظ„طھظپظƒظٹط± ط§ظ„ط¹ظ‚ظ„ظٹ ظپظ‚ط¯ ط­ط¸ظٹطھ ظƒظ„ظ…ط© ( ظٹط¹ظ‚ظ„ظˆظ† ) ط¨ط§ظ‡طھظ…ط§ظ… ط§ظ„ظ‚ط±ط¢ظ† ط§ظ„ظƒط±ظٹظ… ظپظ‚ط¯ طھط­ط¯ط« ظ…ط±ط§ط±ط§ ط¹ظ† ظ‚ظٹظ…ط© ط§ظ„ط¹ظ‚ظ„ ظˆط§ظ„ط°ظٹ ظٹظ…ظٹط² ط¨ظ‡ ط§ظ„ط¥ظ†ط³ط§ظ† ط¹ظ† ط؛ظٹط±ظ‡ ظˆظٹط¬ط¹ظ„ظ‡ ط³ط¨ط¨ط§ ظ„ظ„طھظƒظ„ظٹظپ:

{ط¥ظگظ†ظ‘ظژ ط´ظژط±ظ‘ظژ ط§ظ„ط¯ظ‘ظژظˆظژط§ط¨ظ‘ظگ ط¹ظگظ†ط¯ظژ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‘ظ‡ظگ ط§ظ„طµظ‘ظڈظ…ظ‘ظڈ ط§ظ„ظ’ط¨ظڈظƒظ’ظ…ظڈ ط§ظ„ظ‘ظژط°ظگظٹظ†ظژ ظ„ط§ظژ ظٹظژط¹ظ’ظ‚ظگظ„ظڈظˆظ†ظژ }ط§ظ„ط£ظ†ظپط§ظ„22

{ظˆظژط³ظژط®ظ‘ظژط±ظژ ظ„ظژظƒظڈظ…ظڈ ط§ظ„ظ„ظ‘ظژظٹظ’ظ„ظژ ظˆظژط§ظ„ظ’ظ†ظ‘ظژظ‡ظژط§ط±ظژ ظˆظژط§ظ„ط´ظ‘ظژظ…ظ’ط³ظژ ظˆظژط§ظ„ظ’ظ‚ظژظ…ظژط±ظژ ظˆظژط§ظ„ظ’ظ†ظ‘ظڈط¬ظڈظˆظ…ظڈ ظ…ظڈط³ظژط®ظ‘ظژط±ظژط§طھظŒ ط¨ظگط£ظژظ…ظ’ط±ظگظ‡ظگ ط¥ظگظ†ظ‘ظژ ظپظگظٹ ط°ظژظ„ظگظƒظژ ظ„ظژط¢ظٹظژط§طھظچ ظ„ظ‘ظگظ‚ظژظˆظ’ظ…ظچ ظٹظژط¹ظ’ظ‚ظگظ„ظڈظˆظ†ظژ }ط§ظ„ظ†ط­ظ„12

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